[editor : Christopher Morgan] [publisher : Virginia Londoner, Gordon R Williamson, John E Hayes] #Magazine
#Abstract
Computerized natural-language processing is one of the many topics that have come to be associated with artificial intelligence. As Robert Tinney's cover suggests, computers someday may be able to read and understand War and Peace. Steven Roberts' article "Artificial Intelligence" is a good place to start, and "Natural-Language Processing, The Field in Perspective," by Gary Hendrix and Earl Sacerdoti, addresses this month's theme. Donald Byrd discusses the point at which fact meets fiction in "Science Fiction's Intelligent Computers," and Ronald L Nicol focuses on the artificial intelligence community's primary language in "Symbolic Differentiation a la LISP.""
Steve Ciarcia has prepared an alternate way of eliciting speech from a computer with "Build an Unlimited-Vocabulary Speech Synthesizer." We also have a description of the Xerox Alto computer by Thomas A Wadlow, and we take a look at NASA's high-flying computing machinery in Patrick Stakem's "One Step Forward-Three Steps Backup.""
[author : Chris Morgan] #Edito
Extract : « [...] Artificial Intelligence
I'm particularly pleased that we were able to fit so many interesting articles about artificial intelligence into this month's issue. Many of them were commissioned at last year's AAAI (American Association for Artificial Intelligence) meeting at Stanford. In particular, the articles "Natural Language Processing: The Field in Perspective" (page 304) and "Knowledge-Based Expert Systems Corne of Age" (page 238) discuss topics that, in my opinion, have not received the coverage they deserve. A personal computer's ability to understand at least rudimentary English will be important to the future of programming. Similarly, a computer that can give advice and act as an "expert" on a given topic raises some profound and difficult questions. Some of these issues have been dealt with in science fiction, and Donald Byrd explores them in "Science-Fiction's Intelligent Computers" (page 200). [...] »
TABLE OF CONTENTS
A photo essay on the National Computer Conference held last May in Chicago.
[author : Steven K Roberts] #Event
Extract : « This year's National Computer Conference, held last May 4 through 7 at McCormick Place in Chicago, was so large that nobody could effectively see all of the show in the four days allotted to it. In fact, with about 73,000 people attending, it was often difficult to see the displays at all. The task was also complicated by the juxtaposition of booths for every type of computer, from microcomputer to mainframe, and their associated supplies and peripherals. Still, what I did see was exciting; shown here are some of the attractions. [...] »
An easy-to-use speech synthesizer can be designed using the Votrax SC-01 Speech Synthesizer Chip.
[author : Steve Ciarcia] #Electronic #Audio #Listing #BASIC #Book
Extract : « The alarm clock that jolts you out of sweet dreams with a monotone buzz is a thing of the past. State-of- the-art technology is the clock that prods you out of slumber with a voice that speaks your own language: "The time is 6 o'clock." The artificial voice is becoming an increasingly important and potentially indispensable part of the interface between man and machine. Electronic speech synthesis is a young but rapidly evolving technology. It won't be long before that speaking alarm clock will also announce your entire day's appointment schedule. It will be no less unusual for the computer in your car to recount its mechanical ills as you drive to work. For now, however, electronic speech synthesis is still a relatively new concept. [...] »
Some attributes of this research tool will be used in the next generation of personal computers.
[author : Thomas A Wadlow] #History #Computer #Graphics #Mouse #Network #Book
Extract : « In the mid-1970s, the personal computer market blossomed with the introduction of the Altair 8800. Each year since has brought us personal computers with more power, faster execution, larger memory, and better mass storage. Few computer enthusiasts or professionals can look at the machines of today without wondering: What's next?
The Alto: a Personal Computer
In 1972, Xerox Corporation decided to produce a personal computer to be used for research. The result was the Alto computer, whose name comes from the Xerox Palo Alto Research Center where it was developed. The Alto was the result of a joint effort by Ed McCreight, Chuck Thacker, Butler Lampson, Bob Sproull, and Dave Boggs, who were attempting to make a device that was small enough to fit in an office comfortably, but powerful enough to support a reliable, high- quality operating system and graphics display. Their goal was to provide each user with a personal computing facility capable of meeting all individual needs and a communications facility that would allow users to share information easily.
In 1978, Xerox donated a total of fifty Altos to Stanford, Carnegie- Mellon, and MIT (Massachusetts Institute of Technology) . These machines were quickly assimilated into the research community and rapidly became the standard against which other personal computers were judged.
It is unlikely that a person outside of the computer-science research community will ever be able to buy an Alto. They are not intended for commercial sale, but rather as development tools for Xerox, and so will not be mass-produced. What makes them worthy of mention is the fact that a large number of the personal computers of tomorrow will be designed with knowledge gained from the development of the Alto. [...] »
A BASIC program allows your computer to solve a sliding-blocks puzzle.
[author : Gregg Williams] #Algorithm #Listing #BASIC #Method
Extract : « It is estimated that there are more possible games of chess than there are atoms in the universe. This means that if a computer could generate one million chess moves a second, it would take approximately 3.2 X 10^60 centuries to generate all possible games. How, then, can a $200 microprocessor-based chess game (faced with analyzing a situation so complex) play not only minimal but fair-to-good chess? Several techniques are necessary, but one of the most powerful in the field of artificial intelligence is known as tree searching.
Tree searching allows a computer to determine the best of many alternatives, while at the same time evaluating as few partial solutions as possible. Part 1 of this article deals with the basic techniques of tree searching on three levels: theory, implementation (through several BASIC programs illustrating the major techniques), and experimentation. It will introduce basic terminology and some well-known exhaustive tree searches (those that will eventually generate all possible partial solutions), as well as an illustrative BASIC program (to solve the familiar sliding blocks "15-puzzle") that will be used in both articles. The second part will deal with admissible heuristic searches that use information about the system being searched to cut down on the number of false leads pursued; it will also cover nonadmissible heuristic searches, which attempt to find a quicker solution at the expense of losing the certainty of a guaranteed optimal solution, or of finding a solution at all. [...] »
The stringent demands of space exploration are met by several 8- and 16-bit microprocessors.
[author : Patrick Stakem] #Transport #Sciences #Book
Extract : « A special tension surrounds the development of a computer system for use as the main computer aboard a spacecraft. On one hand, such a computer must be able to perform complex operations. On the otller, since the first extraterrestrial service call by a field engineer is yet to be made, an on-board computer system must do its work with absolute reliability despite the most demanding environmental conditions. And by the time a computer's reliability has been proved beyond a doubt, more efficient computers have appeared on the market. It's almost as if the same process that proves a computer's reliability also ensures that the computer will be obsolete before it flies. Developing a main on-board computer is both a battle to prevent a catastrophic failure and a race against obsolescence.
The advent of the space shuttle (known more formally as the Space Transportation System) will soon enhance the requirement for reliability on orbital mISSIons. Moreover, the shirt-sleeve environment of Spacelab will prove an opportunity to use off-the-shelf microprocessor systems to support scientific experiments. But space-rating — establishing the fitness of hardware for use aboard a space-craft — will remain a severe test, especially for computers that control life-critical and mission-critical systems.
In this article, I'll first discuss the requirements of space-rating. Then I'll describe the tasks that a main on-board computer must perform and some of the capabilities needed to perform those tasks. I'll go on to discuss the problems of providing ground support for on-board software.
After a glance at the historical development of on-board computers, I'll look at some devices now in use. Finally, I'll describe applications of microprocessors in noncritical functions aboard spacecraft. (Yes, there will soon be an Apple in orbit.) Throughout the article, I will confine my comments to civilian spacecraft of the United States. [...] »
Intelligent computers could ease the task of dealing with vast amounts of information, if certain problems can be solved.
[author : Steven K Roberts] #ArtificialIntelligence #GeneralQuestions
Extract : « What is intelligence? This question has inspired great works for centuries. It has furrowed the learned brows of philosophers, psychologists, theologians, and neurophysicists as they have sought, in different ways, to find the answer. Until recently, the question has remained more or less outside the domain of technology. Only in science fiction has the notion of intelligence applied to machines.
But man is a restless creature —thanks to his intelligence— and has a remarkable propensity for tool-building. The physical limitations of the human body are overcome daily with the use of man-made tools: bulldozers, microscopes, telephones, pens, and thousands of other devices. Very near the top of any list of tools must be the computer.
Computers, as most people know and love them, are hardly worthy of the term "intelligence." At best, they are fast and reliable (but abysmally stupid) machines that take very precisely defined tasks and tirelessly perform them over and over. This, of course, makes them invaluable in a fast-paced technological society such as ours, for we have become addicted to freedom from boring repetitive mental drudgery. (When was the last time you calculated a square root the old-fashioned pencil-and-paper way?) But for all their usefulness in assisting our many and varied efforts, computers are still absolutely uninspired contraptions. [...]
None of this is intended to denigrate the value of computers, but it should underscore the value of AI. If people and computers could share, even in a limited sense, their internal models of the world; if machines could grow with us and become living, friendly libraries that yield information, not just data, then we would begin to feel our own powers enhanced as well. »
Speed benchmarks for more than fifty implementations of high-level languages.
[author : Jim Gilbreath] #Listing #C #BASIC #PL1 #Fortran #Forth #COBOL #Performance #Languages #Book
Extract : « Some computer languages are faster than others, but just how much faster? This article presents the data from a curiosity-driven project that compares the performance of numerous high-level languages on the small computers to which I had access.
The benchmark tends to focus on the language characteristics that most interest me: capabilities and efficiencies for systems programming, software tools, and data manipulation (such as takes place in sorting, graphics, and games). I wanted to measure the ability of a language to do memory references, structured control statements, and simple input/output operations. I did not want to measure integer and real-number arithmetic performance because that depends on the processor and its capabilities (eg: precision of numeric calculations, the presence or absence of hardware multiply and divide circuits, and so on). [...] »
Current knowledge of artificial intelligence puts science fiction to the test.
[author : Donald Byrd] #ArtificialIntelligence #GeneralQuestions #Book
Extract : « In the almost thirty years since the installation of Univac I, the first commercially built computer, much science ficton about computers has appeared in print or on film . We might expect the intelligence of these computers to range over a continuum, but each story that I've encountered depicts either a machine with great intelligence or a machine with none (where "having intelligence" means exhibiting behavior that we would call intelligent in a human). Arthur C Clarke's "The Nine Billion Names of God" (1952) and John Brunner's The Shockwave Rider (1975) are examples of stories about "dumb" computers and will concern us no further. Stories about intelligent computers include Harlan Ellison's "I Have No Mouth and I Must Scream" (1967), Clarke's and Stanley Kubrick's 2001: A Space Odyssey (1968), and David Gerrold's When Harlie Was One (1972).
But two more recent novels provide the best framework for a discussion of intelligent computers in science fiction: Thomas Ryan's The Adolescence of P-1 (hereafter called AP-1; New York: Ace Books, 1979) and James Hogan's The Two Faces of Tomorrow (hereafter, TFT; New York: Ballantine Books, 1979; for a longer list of fiction about computers, see references 1 and 2). These two books resemble each other in many ways and differ strikingly in others. Both focus on the escape of a computer system from man's control. Both show, in the last half, man and machine locked in mortal combat. The authors, both computer professionals, display considerable general knowledge of computers.
AP-1 and TFT differ most strikingly in the realism of their treatment of computers. We can judge their realism, of course, only in terms of our present knowledge of artifical intelligence (AI). TFT shows considerable understanding of the real problems of AI, and author Hogan acknowledges the help of Marvin Minsky, the director of the MIT Artificial Intelligence Laboratory. AP-1 evinces either ignorance of, or a lack of concern for the problem. This should remind us that although AI is an important sub domain of computer science, not every computer professional ventures in.
Summaries of the plots of AP-1 and TFT will give us specific points of reference. [...] »
The list-manipulation abilities of LISP are easily adapted to differentiating mathematical functions.
[author : Ronald L Nicol] #Listing #Lisp #Mathematics #Book
Extract : « Just as I would not consider repairing a car with only a screwdriver and wrench in hand, so would I also not approach the art of computer programming with but a few computer languages in mind. It is clear that each well-known language has a forte, otherwise it would have faded into obscurity. But in the realm of symbolic mathematics, LISP and its descendants stand alone. As a vehicle for the development of symbolic- mathematical code, LISP is the natural choice. [...]
System Overview
The symbolic differentia tor consists of three sections: the input parser, the differentiating function, and the output parser. This process is shown symbolically in figure 1. The purpose of the input parser is to translate user input from normal mathematical infix notation to Cambridge prefix notation, the notation used by LISP. The differentiating function differentiates the output, which is subsequently converted back to infix notation by the output parser. [...] »
If an expert can do a specialized, self-contained task, so can a program.
[author : Richard O Duda and John G Gaschnig] #Listing #BASIC #ArtificialIntelligence #Book
Extract : « Question: What do the following tasks have in common? Diagnosing bacterial infections; choosing a good spot on a mountain to drill for molybdenum; configuring the many components that make up a DEC VAX-ll computer; determining the structure of a complex molecule from mass spectrogram data.
Answer: They are important and difficult decision-making jobs that only a few experts do well. The reasoning process in each job includes use of judgment, rules of thumb, and experience. Furthermore, these jobs can all be done today by computer programs known as knowledge-based expert systems.
What makes knowledge-based expert systems different from other large computer programs written to solve special decision-making problems? We will answer that question in this article and explain how expert systems work . We will briefly describe several existing expert systems, and show the operation of one-a mineral-exploration program we helped develop. As a bonus, we will provide a micro expert-system in BASIC for your personal computer.
Since work on expert systems grew out of research on AI (artificial intelligence), a few historical observations will provide some perspective. [...] »
The display list allows you to mix both text and graphics on the same video-display screen.
[author : Chris Crawford] #Graphics #HowItWorks
Extract : « The Atari personal-computer system is a second-generation personal computer. First and foremost, it is a consumer computer. The entire thrust of its design is to make the consumer comfortable with the computer. This consumer orientation reveals itself in many ways. First, the consumer is protected from mistakes by items such as keystone-shaped connectors that cannot be inserted the wrong way, a power interlock that turns the computer off when internal electronics are exposed, and a pair of plastic shields protecting the system reset key. Second, the machine has a great deal of graphics power; people generally respond to pictures much more readily than to text. Third, the machine has good sound capabilities; again, people normally respond to direct sensory input better than to indirect textual messages. Finally, the computer has joysticks and paddles for more direct tactile input than is possible with keyboards. The point is not that the Atari personal-computer system has a lot of features, but rather that the features are all part of a consistent design philosophy aimed at the consumer. The designer who does not appreciate this fundamental fact will be working against the grain of the system.
The internal layout of the Atari 400 and 800 computers (which are electrically equivalent to each other) is very different from that of other systems. [...] »
Systems that interact in English must have some understanding of human psychology and the world outside the computer.
[author : Gary Hendrix and Earl Sacerdoti] #ArtificialIntelligence #Book
Extract : « Through a process spanning thousands of years, natural languages have evolved to meet the manifold needs of people to communicate and record a diversity of information in a wide variety of circumstances. Natural language is the medium of the butcher, the baker, and the candlestick maker; the poet and the lover; the politician and the preacher; the parent and the child. Even for the scientist and computer programmer, it is the mother tongue-the language resorted to when formal expressions and intuition fail.
Natural languages stand in marked contrast to formal languages, such as BASIC and Pascal, which were designed to be easily understood by computers and are intended for the specialized task of expressing algorithms and data structures. The fluent use of natural language is an information-processing activity of great complexity. Endowing computers with this ability has long been a major goal of research in artificial intelligence (also called machine intelligence), a branch of experimental computer science that studies the nature of knowledge and its manipulation.
Understanding the computational mechanisms that
underlie the use of natural language is the central objective
of computational linguistics (see the text box at the
end of the article), a science at the juncture of artificial
intelligence, philosophy, linguistics, and psychology. The
two primary goals of this field are:
• to understand how humans communicate
• to create machines with human-like communication skills
The first is a scientific goal pursued to help us understand ourselves. In particular, although we all are implicitly expert in the use of natural language, we have only vague notions of the mental processes involved. A clearer insight into their essential nature and functioning might enable us to be better communicators, to train our children better in language skills, and even to design more efficient intercomputer communications.
The second goal is an engineering one pursued for a practical purpose-to create machines that can communicate with people in languages they already know. At present, only a small segment of the population, computer programmers, can communicate with computers. The advent of machines that understand natural languages will make it possible for virtually anyone to make direct use of powerful computational systems.
Progress in computational linguistics is facilitated by pursuing both of the above goals simultaneously. [...] »
Mr Hoare. winner of the 1980 ACM Turing Award, reflects on his career and speculates on the future.
[author : Charles Antony Richard Hoare] #History #Languages
Extract : « The 1980 ACM Turing Award was presented to Charles Antony Richard Hoare, Professor of Computation at Oxford University, England, by Walter Carlson, chairman of the awards committee. The presentation took place at the ACM Annual Conference in Nashville, Tennessee, October 27, 1980.
Professor Hoare was selected by the General Technical Achievement Award Committee for his fundamental contributions to the definition and design of programming languages. His work is characterized by an unusual combination of insight, originality, elegance, and impact. He is best known for his work on axiomatic definitions of programming languages through the use of techniques popularly referred to as axiomatic semantics. He developed ingenious algorithms such as Quicksort and was responsible for inventing and promulgating advanced data-structuring techniques in scientific programming languages. He has also made important contributions to operating systems through the study of monitors, and his most recent work is on communicating sequential processes.
Before his appointment to Oxford in 1977, Professor Hoare was Professor of Computer Science at The Queen's University in Belfast, Ireland, from 1968 to 1977, and was a Visiting Professor at Stanford University in 1973. From 1960 to 1968 he held a number of positions with Elliot Brothers Ltd, England.
Professor Hoare has published extensively and is on the editorial boards of a number of the world's foremost computer science journals. In 1973 he received the ACM Programming Systems and Languages Paper Award. Professor Hoare became a Distinguished Fellow of the British Computer Society in 1978 and was awarded the degree of Doctor of Science Honoris Causa by the University of Southern California in 1979.
The Turing Award is the Association for Computing Machinery's highest award for technical contributions to the computing community. It is presented each year in memory of Dr A M Turing, an English mathematician who made many important contributions to the computing sciences.
A transcript of Professor Hoare's 1980 Turing Award Lecture follows. [...] »
[author : David Thompson] #ComputerKit #Review
Extract : « I built the computer on which I'm writing this article. Even though I'm no expert at computer hardware or software, I assembled this system in a matter of weeks, beginning with a kit called the Big Board.
Manufactured by Digital Research Computers of Texas, the Big Board is a single-board computer that packs an impressive set of features into an inexpensive package. By not providing the cabinet, power supply, keyboard, monitor, and disk drives, Digital Research can sell this heart of a powerful Z80-based system for $650 in kit form. For an additional $50, the board comes with all the sockets soldered in place—a real convenience since all the integrated circuits are socketed.
The board is the size of an 8-inch disk drive. It includes 64 K bytes of programmable memory, a 24-line by 80-character video generator, a keyboard interface, room for four 2 K-byte ROMs (read-only memories, "bank switched" along with the video memory), and a floppy- disk drive controller. Options include parallel and serial ports and an on-board timer. [...] »
[author : Steve Hughes] #Software #Review #Programming
Extract : « If you have bought a floppy-disk drive for your Radio Shack TRS-80 Model I and want an editor and assembler package that uses the disk, you will be interested in DISKMOD. The only problem with just buying the disk- based Radio Shack Macro Assembler is the $100 price tag. This expense is particularly annoying if you own and are satisfied with Radio Shack's cassette-tape-based Editor / Assembler.
The DISKMOD program from Misosys Software takes the cassette-based Editor/Assembler and modifies it to reside on disk and to use disk files for most 110 (input/output) operations. [...] »
[author : Christopher O Kern] #Software #Review #Programming
Extract : « A text editor is probably the most personal program on a personal computer system. The average user spends a good amount of time communicating with the editor— entering or altering programs, data, or text. Different users, with different applications, often have different ideas about how they want an editor to work, a fact which accounts for the large number of editors on the market.
MINCE is one of the newer entries into the software market for 8080-family computers that use the CP/M operating system. MINCE is modeled on a large-system editor, called EMACS, which was developed at MIT (Massachusetts Institute of Technology). Its authors say that MINCE stands for "MINCE Is Not Complete EMACS"; nevertheless, it has a lot to offer. It can do all the usual text-editing functions-insert or delete characters, words, and blocks of text, move text around, and search for and replace strings-as well as perform a number of other operations that are not generally available in microcomputer editors. [...] »
[author : Gregg Williams] #GameArcade #Review
Extract : « It may seem to many readers that BYTE's Arcade has concentrated on games for Apple and Atari computers. In a sense, this is natural; after all, both machines have excellent graphics, color, and sound capabilities-assets with which Radio Shack's TRS-80 Models I and III are less endowed. Given the coarse graphics, lack of color, and limited sound capabilities of the Radio Shack computers, what do they have in their favor?
The answer is: the ingenuity of Bill Hogue and Jeff Konyu.
Bill and Jeff comprise Big Five Software, a company that has developed an unequaled line of arcade-like software for the TRS-80. At the time of this writing, they had five games. Their first, Super Nova (an adaptation inspired by the Atari game, Asteroids), was reviewed in the May 1981 BYTE's Arcade (page 108). The three games I will describe here are Attack Force (similar to the arcade game Targ), Cosmic Fighter (similar to Cosmic Patrol), and Galaxy Invasion (similar to Galaxian). At present, they also have a game called Meteor Mission II, which resembles the arcade game Lunar Rescue. [...] »
[author : Bob Liddil] #GameAdventure #Review
Extract : « You're on an island with your every need provided for-everything; that is, except your freedom. The island's caretaker is watching and experimenting, his ultimate goal is to take away the last scrap of individuality you possess. It's you against the island. You are The Prisoner.
The Prisoner, by Edu-Ware Services Inc of Canoga Park, California, offers a unique, sometimes bizarre, recreation of an early 1970 s TV series that has attained cult status in recent years. To play the game, you assume the role of a disenchanted member of a covert intelligence agency. You're fed up with The Company-the whole system in general. After quitting the service, you're abducted and spirited off to The Island, an isolated, self- contained community where electronic surveillance, brainwashing, plots and counterplots, illusions, delusions, and confusions are the order of the day. [...] »
[author : Steven P Levitan and Jeffrey G Bonar] #Software #Review #Programming #Lisp #Listing
Extract : « [...] Some sophisticated and powerful LISP software packages are now available for microcomputers. In this article, we review three LISPs, one of which is distributed with a modern version of ELIZA. The LISP packages are muLISP /muSTAR from The Soft Warehouse, Cromemco LISP from Cromemco Inc, and (T.(L.C)) from The LISP Company. [...] »
[author : Bob Liddil] #GameAdventure #Review
Extract : « Adventure International has a new concept in computer simulation called Interactive Fiction. The product I'm reviewing is a sampler of six Interactive Fiction stories. The sampler is, of course, designed to whet your curiosity about the full-length titles offered by the company.
Defined in its simplest terms, an Interactive Fiction episode is a story that needs your responses to achieve its outcome. It goes far beyond Adventure's two-word responses by encouraging you to input complete sentences. I must confess that, at first, I was uncomfortable with the new format. Gradually, though, I became accustomed to bantering with the computer. [...] »
#Book
Extract : « Principles of Artificial Intelligence Nils J Nilsson Tioga Publishing, 1980, 476 pages, hardcover, S27.50 [...]
Turtle Geometry by Harold Abelson and Andrea A diSessa MIT Press, Cambridge MA, 1981, 478 pages, S20.00 [...] »
#Book
Apple Crunch, novel by Frederic Vincent Huber. New York: Seaview Books, 1981; 15 by 22 cm, 264 pages, hardcover, ISBN 0-87223-687-0, $10.95.
Calculator Clout: Programming Methods for Your Programmable, Maurice D Weir. Englewood Cliffs NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1981; 18.5 by24.5 cm, 235 pages, hardcover, ISBN 0-13-110411-X, $17.95; softcover, ISBN 0-13-110403-9, $8.95.
Computers for Everybody, Jerry Willis and Merl Miller. Beaverton OR : Dilithium Press, 1981; 14 by 22 cm, 173 pages, softcover, ISBN. 0-918398-49-5, $4.95.
Computer Literacy: Problem-Solving with Computers, C E Horn and J L Poirot. Austin TX: Sterling Swift Publications, 1981; 18.5 by 23.5 cm, 304 pages, softcover, ISBN 0-88408-133-8, $13.95.
Computer Solution of Large Sparse Positive Definite Systems, Alan George and Joseph W Liu. Englewood Cliffs NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1981; 16 by 23.5 cm, 324 pages, hardcover, ISBN 0-13-165274-5, $24.95.
The Devil's DP Dictionary, Stan Kelly-Bootle. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1981; 13.5 by 20.5 cm, 141 pages, softcover, ISBN 0-07-034022-6, $7.50.
Electronic Circuits Note Book, Proven Designs for Systems Applications, edited by Samuel Weber. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1981; 22 by 28 cm, 344 pages, hardcover, ISBN 0-07-019244-8, $32.50.
Manual of Pharmacologic Calculations with Computer Programs, Ronald J Tallarida and Rodney B Murray. New York: Springer-Verlag, 1981; 16 by 24.5 cm, 150 pages, hardcover, ISBN 0-387-90500-6, $17.50.
Microsoft FORTRAN, Paul M Chirlian. Beaverton OR: Dilithium Press, 1981; 14 by 22 cm, 333 pages, softcover, ISBN 0-918398-46-0, $14.95.
Outland, The Movie Novel, edited by Richard J Anobile, from the screenplay by Peter Hyams. New York: Warner Books, 1981; 22 by 27.5 cm, 160 pages, softcover, ISBN 0-446-97829-9, $9.95.
Program Flow Analysis: Theory and Applications, S S Muchnick and N D Jones. Englewood Cliffs NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1981; 16 by 23.5 cm, 418 pages, hardcover, ISBN 0-13-729681-9, $23.50.
Scientific Analysis for Programmable Calculators with Algebraic Operating Systems, H R Meck. Englewood Cliffs NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1981; 18.5 by 24.5 cm, 175 pages, hardcover, ISBN 0-13-796417-X, $15.95; softcover, ISBN 0-13-796409-9, $7.95.
Software Metrics, edited by A J Perlis, F G Sayward, and M Shaw. Cambridge MA: The MIT Press, 1981; 16 by 23.5 cm, 404 pages, hardcover, ISBN 0-262-16083-8, $25.
Thirty-Two BASIC Programs for the Exidy Sorcerer, T Rugg, P Feldman, and K McCabe. Beaverton OR: Dilithium Press, 1981; 14 by 22 cm, 265 pages, softcover, ISBN 0-918398-35-5, $16.95.
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