1980 6.09 1982

Vol.6 n°9 september 1981

Vol.6 n°9 september 1981

(byte_1981_09.jpg)

[editor : Christopher Morgan] [publisher : Virginia Londoner, Gordon R Williamson, John E Hayes] #Magazine

p.4 In This Issue

p.4 In This Issue

#Abstract

Computerized natural-language processing is one of the many topics that have come to be associated with artificial intelligence. As Robert Tinney's cover suggests, computers someday may be able to read and understand War and Peace. Steven Roberts' article "Artificial Intelligence" is a good place to start, and "Natural-Language Processing, The Field in Perspective," by Gary Hendrix and Earl Sacerdoti, addresses this month's theme. Donald Byrd discusses the point at which fact meets fiction in "Science Fiction's Intelligent Computers," and Ronald L Nicol focuses on the artificial intelligence community's primary language in "Symbolic Differentiation a la LISP.""

Steve Ciarcia has prepared an alternate way of eliciting speech from a computer with "Build an Unlimited-Vocabulary Speech Synthesizer." We also have a description of the Xerox Alto computer by Thomas A Wadlow, and we take a look at NASA's high-flying computing machinery in Patrick Stakem's "One Step Forward-Three Steps Backup.""

p.6 Editorial: Odds and Beginnings

p.6 Editorial: Odds and Beginnings

[author : Chris Morgan] #Edito

Extract : «  [...] Artificial Intelligence

I'm particularly pleased that we were able to fit so many interesting articles about artificial intelligence into this month's issue. Many of them were commissioned at last year's AAAI (American Association for Artificial Intelligence) meeting at Stanford. In particular, the articles "Natural Language Processing: The Field in Perspective" (page 304) and "Knowledge-Based Expert Systems Corne of Age" (page 238) discuss topics that, in my opinion, have not received the coverage they deserve. A personal computer's ability to understand at least rudimentary English will be important to the future of programming. Similarly, a computer that can give advice and act as an "expert" on a given topic raises some profound and difficult questions. Some of these issues have been dealt with in science fiction, and Donald Byrd explores them in "Science-Fiction's Intelligent Computers" (page 200). [...]  »

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Features

Features

p.36 (p.27) A Look at NCC'81

p.36 (p.27) A Look at NCC'81

A photo essay on the National Computer Conference held last May in Chicago.

[author : Steven K Roberts] #Event

Extract : «  This year's National Computer Conference, held last May 4 through 7 at McCormick Place in Chicago, was so large that nobody could effectively see all of the show in the four days allotted to it. In fact, with about 73,000 people attending, it was often difficult to see the displays at all. The task was also complicated by the juxtaposition of booths for every type of computer, from microcomputer to mainframe, and their associated supplies and peripherals. Still, what I did see was exciting; shown here are some of the attractions. [...]  »

p.38 Build an Unlimited-Vocabulary Speech Synthesizer

p.38 Build an Unlimited-Vocabulary Speech Synthesizer

An easy-to-use speech synthesizer can be designed using the Votrax SC-01 Speech Synthesizer Chip.

[author : Steve Ciarcia] #Electronic #Audio #Listing #BASIC #Book

Extract : «  The alarm clock that jolts you out of sweet dreams with a monotone buzz is a thing of the past. State-of- the-art technology is the clock that prods you out of slumber with a voice that speaks your own language: "The time is 6 o'clock." The artificial voice is becoming an increasingly important and potentially indispensable part of the interface between man and machine. Electronic speech synthesis is a young but rapidly evolving technology. It won't be long before that speaking alarm clock will also announce your entire day's appointment schedule. It will be no less unusual for the computer in your car to recount its mechanical ills as you drive to work. For now, however, electronic speech synthesis is still a relatively new concept. [...]  »

p.58 the Xerox Alto Computer

p.58 the Xerox Alto Computer

Some attributes of this research tool will be used in the next generation of personal computers.

[author : Thomas A Wadlow] #History #Computer #Graphics #Mouse #Network #Book

Extract : «  In the mid-1970s, the personal computer market blossomed with the introduction of the Altair 8800. Each year since has brought us personal computers with more power, faster execution, larger memory, and better mass storage. Few computer enthusiasts or professionals can look at the machines of today without wondering: What's next?

The Alto: a Personal Computer

In 1972, Xerox Corporation decided to produce a personal computer to be used for research. The result was the Alto computer, whose name comes from the Xerox Palo Alto Research Center where it was developed. The Alto was the result of a joint effort by Ed McCreight, Chuck Thacker, Butler Lampson, Bob Sproull, and Dave Boggs, who were attempting to make a device that was small enough to fit in an office comfortably, but powerful enough to support a reliable, high- quality operating system and graphics display. Their goal was to provide each user with a personal computing facility capable of meeting all individual needs and a communications facility that would allow users to share information easily.

In 1978, Xerox donated a total of fifty Altos to Stanford, Carnegie- Mellon, and MIT (Massachusetts Institute of Technology) . These machines were quickly assimilated into the research community and rapidly became the standard against which other personal computers were judged.

It is unlikely that a person outside of the computer-science research community will ever be able to buy an Alto. They are not intended for commercial sale, but rather as development tools for Xerox, and so will not be mass-produced. What makes them worthy of mention is the fact that a large number of the personal computers of tomorrow will be designed with knowledge gained from the development of the Alto. [...]  »

p.72 Tree Searching, Part 1: Basic Techniques

p.72 Tree Searching, Part 1: Basic Techniques

A BASIC program allows your computer to solve a sliding-blocks puzzle.

[author : Gregg Williams] #Algorithm #Listing #BASIC #Method

Extract : «  It is estimated that there are more possible games of chess than there are atoms in the universe. This means that if a computer could generate one million chess moves a second, it would take approximately 3.2 X 10^60 centuries to generate all possible games. How, then, can a $200 microprocessor-based chess game (faced with analyzing a situation so complex) play not only minimal but fair-to-good chess? Several techniques are necessary, but one of the most powerful in the field of artificial intelligence is known as tree searching.

Tree searching allows a computer to determine the best of many alternatives, while at the same time evaluating as few partial solutions as possible. Part 1 of this article deals with the basic techniques of tree searching on three levels: theory, implementation (through several BASIC programs illustrating the major techniques), and experimentation. It will introduce basic terminology and some well-known exhaustive tree searches (those that will eventually generate all possible partial solutions), as well as an illustrative BASIC program (to solve the familiar sliding blocks "15-puzzle") that will be used in both articles. The second part will deal with admissible heuristic searches that use information about the system being searched to cut down on the number of false leads pursued; it will also cover nonadmissible heuristic searches, which attempt to find a quicker solution at the expense of losing the certainty of a guaranteed optimal solution, or of finding a solution at all. [...]  »

p.112 One Step Forward-Three Steps Backup, Computing in the US Space Program

p.112 One Step Forward-Three Steps Backup, Computing in the US Space Program

The stringent demands of space exploration are met by several 8- and 16-bit microprocessors.

[author : Patrick Stakem] #Transport #Sciences #Book

Extract : «  A special tension surrounds the development of a computer system for use as the main computer aboard a spacecraft. On one hand, such a computer must be able to perform complex operations. On the otller, since the first extraterrestrial service call by a field engineer is yet to be made, an on-board computer system must do its work with absolute reliability despite the most demanding environmental conditions. And by the time a computer's reliability has been proved beyond a doubt, more efficient computers have appeared on the market. It's almost as if the same process that proves a computer's reliability also ensures that the computer will be obsolete before it flies. Developing a main on-board computer is both a battle to prevent a catastrophic failure and a race against obsolescence.

The advent of the space shuttle (known more formally as the Space Transportation System) will soon enhance the requirement for reliability on orbital mISSIons. Moreover, the shirt-sleeve environment of Spacelab will prove an opportunity to use off-the-shelf microprocessor systems to support scientific experiments. But space-rating — establishing the fitness of hardware for use aboard a space-craft — will remain a severe test, especially for computers that control life-critical and mission-critical systems.

In this article, I'll first discuss the requirements of space-rating. Then I'll describe the tasks that a main on-board computer must perform and some of the capabilities needed to perform those tasks. I'll go on to discuss the problems of providing ground support for on-board software.

After a glance at the historical development of on-board computers, I'll look at some devices now in use. Finally, I'll describe applications of microprocessors in noncritical functions aboard spacecraft. (Yes, there will soon be an Apple in orbit.) Throughout the article, I will confine my comments to civilian spacecraft of the United States. [...]  »

p.164 Artificial intelligence

p.164 Artificial intelligence

Intelligent computers could ease the task of dealing with vast amounts of information, if certain problems can be solved.

[author : Steven K Roberts] #ArtificialIntelligence #GeneralQuestions

Extract : «  What is intelligence? This question has inspired great works for centuries. It has furrowed the learned brows of philosophers, psychologists, theologians, and neurophysicists as they have sought, in different ways, to find the answer. Until recently, the question has remained more or less outside the domain of technology. Only in science fiction has the notion of intelligence applied to machines.

But man is a restless creature —thanks to his intelligence— and has a remarkable propensity for tool-building. The physical limitations of the human body are overcome daily with the use of man-made tools: bulldozers, microscopes, telephones, pens, and thousands of other devices. Very near the top of any list of tools must be the computer.

Computers, as most people know and love them, are hardly worthy of the term "intelligence." At best, they are fast and reliable (but abysmally stupid) machines that take very precisely defined tasks and tirelessly perform them over and over. This, of course, makes them invaluable in a fast-paced technological society such as ours, for we have become addicted to freedom from boring repetitive mental drudgery. (When was the last time you calculated a square root the old-fashioned pencil-and-paper way?) But for all their usefulness in assisting our many and varied efforts, computers are still absolutely uninspired contraptions. [...]

None of this is intended to denigrate the value of computers, but it should underscore the value of AI. If people and computers could share, even in a limited sense, their internal models of the world; if machines could grow with us and become living, friendly libraries that yield information, not just data, then we would begin to feel our own powers enhanced as well.  »

p.180 A High-Level Language Benchmark

p.180 A High-Level Language Benchmark

Speed benchmarks for more than fifty implementations of high-level languages.

[author : Jim Gilbreath] #Listing #C #BASIC #PL1 #Fortran #Forth #COBOL #Performance #Languages #Book

Extract : «  Some computer languages are faster than others, but just how much faster? This article presents the data from a curiosity-driven project that compares the performance of numerous high-level languages on the small computers to which I had access.

The benchmark tends to focus on the language characteristics that most interest me: capabilities and efficiencies for systems programming, software tools, and data manipulation (such as takes place in sorting, graphics, and games). I wanted to measure the ability of a language to do memory references, structured control statements, and simple input/output operations. I did not want to measure integer and real-number arithmetic performance because that depends on the processor and its capabilities (eg: precision of numeric calculations, the presence or absence of hardware multiply and divide circuits, and so on). [...]  »

p.200 Science Fiction's intelligent Computers

p.200 Science Fiction's intelligent Computers

Current knowledge of artificial intelligence puts science fiction to the test.

[author : Donald Byrd] #ArtificialIntelligence #GeneralQuestions #Book

Extract : «  In the almost thirty years since the installation of Univac I, the first commercially built computer, much science ficton about computers has appeared in print or on film . We might expect the intelligence of these computers to range over a continuum, but each story that I've encountered depicts either a machine with great intelligence or a machine with none (where "having intelligence" means exhibiting behavior that we would call intelligent in a human). Arthur C Clarke's "The Nine Billion Names of God" (1952) and John Brunner's The Shockwave Rider (1975) are examples of stories about "dumb" computers and will concern us no further. Stories about intelligent computers include Harlan Ellison's "I Have No Mouth and I Must Scream" (1967), Clarke's and Stanley Kubrick's 2001: A Space Odyssey (1968), and David Gerrold's When Harlie Was One (1972).

But two more recent novels provide the best framework for a discussion of intelligent computers in science fiction: Thomas Ryan's The Adolescence of P-1 (hereafter called AP-1; New York: Ace Books, 1979) and James Hogan's The Two Faces of Tomorrow (hereafter, TFT; New York: Ballantine Books, 1979; for a longer list of fiction about computers, see references 1 and 2). These two books resemble each other in many ways and differ strikingly in others. Both focus on the escape of a computer system from man's control. Both show, in the last half, man and machine locked in mortal combat. The authors, both computer professionals, display considerable general knowledge of computers.

AP-1 and TFT differ most strikingly in the realism of their treatment of computers. We can judge their realism, of course, only in terms of our present knowledge of artifical intelligence (AI). TFT shows considerable understanding of the real problems of AI, and author Hogan acknowledges the help of Marvin Minsky, the director of the MIT Artificial Intelligence Laboratory. AP-1 evinces either ignorance of, or a lack of concern for the problem. This should remind us that although AI is an important sub domain of computer science, not every computer professional ventures in.

Summaries of the plots of AP-1 and TFT will give us specific points of reference. [...]  »

p.216 Symbolic Differentiation à la LISP

p.216 Symbolic Differentiation à la LISP

The list-manipulation abilities of LISP are easily adapted to differentiating mathematical functions.

[author : Ronald L Nicol] #Listing #Lisp #Mathematics #Book

Extract : «  Just as I would not consider repairing a car with only a screwdriver and wrench in hand, so would I also not approach the art of computer programming with but a few computer languages in mind. It is clear that each well-known language has a forte, otherwise it would have faded into obscurity. But in the realm of symbolic mathematics, LISP and its descendants stand alone. As a vehicle for the development of symbolic- mathematical code, LISP is the natural choice. [...]

System Overview

The symbolic differentia tor consists of three sections: the input parser, the differentiating function, and the output parser. This process is shown symbolically in figure 1. The purpose of the input parser is to translate user input from normal mathematical infix notation to Cambridge prefix notation, the notation used by LISP. The differentiating function differentiates the output, which is subsequently converted back to infix notation by the output parser. [...]  »

p.238 Knowledge-Based Expert Systems Come of Age

p.238 Knowledge-Based Expert Systems Come of Age

If an expert can do a specialized, self-contained task, so can a program.

[author : Richard O Duda and John G Gaschnig] #Listing #BASIC #ArtificialIntelligence #Book

Extract : «  Question: What do the following tasks have in common? Diagnosing bacterial infections; choosing a good spot on a mountain to drill for molybdenum; configuring the many components that make up a DEC VAX-ll computer; determining the structure of a complex molecule from mass spectrogram data.

Answer: They are important and difficult decision-making jobs that only a few experts do well. The reasoning process in each job includes use of judgment, rules of thumb, and experience. Furthermore, these jobs can all be done today by computer programs known as knowledge-based expert systems.

What makes knowledge-based expert systems different from other large computer programs written to solve special decision-making problems? We will answer that question in this article and explain how expert systems work . We will briefly describe several existing expert systems, and show the operation of one-a mineral-exploration program we helped develop. As a bonus, we will provide a micro expert-system in BASIC for your personal computer.

Since work on expert systems grew out of research on AI (artificial intelligence), a few historical observations will provide some perspective. [...]  »

p.284 The Atari Tutorial, Part 1: The Display List

p.284 The Atari Tutorial, Part 1: The Display List

The display list allows you to mix both text and graphics on the same video-display screen.

[author : Chris Crawford] #Graphics #HowItWorks

Extract : «  The Atari personal-computer system is a second-generation personal computer. First and foremost, it is a consumer computer. The entire thrust of its design is to make the consumer comfortable with the computer. This consumer orientation reveals itself in many ways. First, the consumer is protected from mistakes by items such as keystone-shaped connectors that cannot be inserted the wrong way, a power interlock that turns the computer off when internal electronics are exposed, and a pair of plastic shields protecting the system reset key. Second, the machine has a great deal of graphics power; people generally respond to pictures much more readily than to text. Third, the machine has good sound capabilities; again, people normally respond to direct sensory input better than to indirect textual messages. Finally, the computer has joysticks and paddles for more direct tactile input than is possible with keyboards. The point is not that the Atari personal-computer system has a lot of features, but rather that the features are all part of a consistent design philosophy aimed at the consumer. The designer who does not appreciate this fundamental fact will be working against the grain of the system.

The internal layout of the Atari 400 and 800 computers (which are electrically equivalent to each other) is very different from that of other systems. [...]  »

p.304 Natural-Language Processing, The Field in Perspective

p.304 Natural-Language Processing, The Field in Perspective

Systems that interact in English must have some understanding of human psychology and the world outside the computer.

[author : Gary Hendrix and Earl Sacerdoti] #ArtificialIntelligence #Book

Extract : «  Through a process spanning thousands of years, natural languages have evolved to meet the manifold needs of people to communicate and record a diversity of information in a wide variety of circumstances. Natural language is the medium of the butcher, the baker, and the candlestick maker; the poet and the lover; the politician and the preacher; the parent and the child. Even for the scientist and computer programmer, it is the mother tongue-the language resorted to when formal expressions and intuition fail.

Natural languages stand in marked contrast to formal languages, such as BASIC and Pascal, which were designed to be easily understood by computers and are intended for the specialized task of expressing algorithms and data structures. The fluent use of natural language is an information-processing activity of great complexity. Endowing computers with this ability has long been a major goal of research in artificial intelligence (also called machine intelligence), a branch of experimental computer science that studies the nature of knowledge and its manipulation.

Understanding the computational mechanisms that underlie the use of natural language is the central objective of computational linguistics (see the text box at the end of the article), a science at the juncture of artificial intelligence, philosophy, linguistics, and psychology. The two primary goals of this field are:
• to understand how humans communicate
• to create machines with human-like communication skills

The first is a scientific goal pursued to help us understand ourselves. In particular, although we all are implicitly expert in the use of natural language, we have only vague notions of the mental processes involved. A clearer insight into their essential nature and functioning might enable us to be better communicators, to train our children better in language skills, and even to design more efficient intercomputer communications.

The second goal is an engineering one pursued for a practical purpose-to create machines that can communicate with people in languages they already know. At present, only a small segment of the population, computer programmers, can communicate with computers. The advent of machines that understand natural languages will make it possible for virtually anyone to make direct use of powerful computational systems.

Progress in computational linguistics is facilitated by pursuing both of the above goals simultaneously. [...]  »

p.414 The Emperor's Old Clothes

p.414 The Emperor's Old Clothes

Mr Hoare. winner of the 1980 ACM Turing Award, reflects on his career and speculates on the future.

[author : Charles Antony Richard Hoare] #History #Languages

Extract : «  The 1980 ACM Turing Award was presented to Charles Antony Richard Hoare, Professor of Computation at Oxford University, England, by Walter Carlson, chairman of the awards committee. The presentation took place at the ACM Annual Conference in Nashville, Tennessee, October 27, 1980.

Professor Hoare was selected by the General Technical Achievement Award Committee for his fundamental contributions to the definition and design of programming languages. His work is characterized by an unusual combination of insight, originality, elegance, and impact. He is best known for his work on axiomatic definitions of programming languages through the use of techniques popularly referred to as axiomatic semantics. He developed ingenious algorithms such as Quicksort and was responsible for inventing and promulgating advanced data-structuring techniques in scientific programming languages. He has also made important contributions to operating systems through the study of monitors, and his most recent work is on communicating sequential processes.

Before his appointment to Oxford in 1977, Professor Hoare was Professor of Computer Science at The Queen's University in Belfast, Ireland, from 1968 to 1977, and was a Visiting Professor at Stanford University in 1973. From 1960 to 1968 he held a number of positions with Elliot Brothers Ltd, England.

Professor Hoare has published extensively and is on the editorial boards of a number of the world's foremost computer science journals. In 1973 he received the ACM Programming Systems and Languages Paper Award. Professor Hoare became a Distinguished Fellow of the British Computer Society in 1978 and was awarded the degree of Doctor of Science Honoris Causa by the University of Southern California in 1979.

The Turing Award is the Association for Computing Machinery's highest award for technical contributions to the computing community. It is presented each year in memory of Dr A M Turing, an English mathematician who made many important contributions to the computing sciences.

A transcript of Professor Hoare's 1980 Turing Award Lecture follows. [...]  »

Reviews

Reviews

p.52 The Big Board: A Z80 System In Kit Form

p.52 The Big Board: A Z80 System In Kit Form

[author : David Thompson] #ComputerKit #Review

Extract : «  I built the computer on which I'm writing this article. Even though I'm no expert at computer hardware or software, I assembled this system in a matter of weeks, beginning with a kit called the Big Board.

Manufactured by Digital Research Computers of Texas, the Big Board is a single-board computer that packs an impressive set of features into an inexpensive package. By not providing the cabinet, power supply, keyboard, monitor, and disk drives, Digital Research can sell this heart of a powerful Z80-based system for $650 in kit form. For an additional $50, the board comes with all the sockets soldered in place—a real convenience since all the integrated circuits are socketed.

The board is the size of an 8-inch disk drive. It includes 64 K bytes of programmable memory, a 24-line by 80-character video generator, a keyboard interface, room for four 2 K-byte ROMs (read-only memories, "bank switched" along with the video memory), and a floppy- disk drive controller. Options include parallel and serial ports and an on-board timer. [...]  »

p.146 Misosys Software's DISKMOD: Put Radio Shack's Editor/Assembler on Disk

p.146 Misosys Software's DISKMOD: Put Radio Shack's Editor/Assembler on Disk

[author : Steve Hughes] #Software #Review #Programming

Extract : «  If you have bought a floppy-disk drive for your Radio Shack TRS-80 Model I and want an editor and assembler package that uses the disk, you will be interested in DISKMOD. The only problem with just buying the disk- based Radio Shack Macro Assembler is the $100 price tag. This expense is particularly annoying if you own and are satisfied with Radio Shack's cassette-tape-based Editor / Assembler.

The DISKMOD program from Misosys Software takes the cassette-based Editor/Assembler and modifies it to reside on disk and to use disk files for most 110 (input/output) operations. [...]  »

p.150 MINCE, A Text Editor

p.150 MINCE, A Text Editor

[author : Christopher O Kern] #Software #Review #Programming

Extract : «  A text editor is probably the most personal program on a personal computer system. The average user spends a good amount of time communicating with the editor— entering or altering programs, data, or text. Different users, with different applications, often have different ideas about how they want an editor to work, a fact which accounts for the large number of editors on the market.

MINCE is one of the newer entries into the software market for 8080-family computers that use the CP/M operating system. MINCE is modeled on a large-system editor, called EMACS, which was developed at MIT (Massachusetts Institute of Technology). Its authors say that MINCE stands for "MINCE Is Not Complete EMACS"; nevertheless, it has a lot to offer. It can do all the usual text-editing functions-insert or delete characters, words, and blocks of text, move text around, and search for and replace strings-as well as perform a number of other operations that are not generally available in microcomputer editors. [...]  »

p.384 BYTE's Arcade: Big Five Software

p.384 BYTE's Arcade: Big Five Software

[author : Gregg Williams] #GameArcade #Review

Extract : «  It may seem to many readers that BYTE's Arcade has concentrated on games for Apple and Atari computers. In a sense, this is natural; after all, both machines have excellent graphics, color, and sound capabilities-assets with which Radio Shack's TRS-80 Models I and III are less endowed. Given the coarse graphics, lack of color, and limited sound capabilities of the Radio Shack computers, what do they have in their favor?

The answer is: the ingenuity of Bill Hogue and Jeff Konyu.

Bill and Jeff comprise Big Five Software, a company that has developed an unequaled line of arcade-like software for the TRS-80. At the time of this writing, they had five games. Their first, Super Nova (an adaptation inspired by the Atari game, Asteroids), was reviewed in the May 1981 BYTE's Arcade (page 108). The three games I will describe here are Attack Force (similar to the arcade game Targ), Cosmic Fighter (similar to Cosmic Patrol), and Galaxy Invasion (similar to Galaxian). At present, they also have a game called Meteor Mission II, which resembles the arcade game Lunar Rescue. [...]  »

p.386 BYTE's Arcade: The Prisoner

p.386 BYTE's Arcade: The Prisoner

[author : Bob Liddil] #GameAdventure #Review

Extract : «  You're on an island with your every need provided for-everything; that is, except your freedom. The island's caretaker is watching and experimenting, his ultimate goal is to take away the last scrap of individuality you possess. It's you against the island. You are The Prisoner.

The Prisoner, by Edu-Ware Services Inc of Canoga Park, California, offers a unique, sometimes bizarre, recreation of an early 1970 s TV series that has attained cult status in recent years. To play the game, you assume the role of a disenchanted member of a covert intelligence agency. You're fed up with The Company-the whole system in general. After quitting the service, you're abducted and spirited off to The Island, an isolated, self- contained community where electronic surveillance, brainwashing, plots and counterplots, illusions, delusions, and confusions are the order of the day. [...]  »

p.388 Three Microcomputer LISPs

p.388 Three Microcomputer LISPs

[author : Steven P Levitan and Jeffrey G Bonar] #Software #Review #Programming #Lisp #Listing

Extract : «  [...] Some sophisticated and powerful LISP software packages are now available for microcomputers. In this article, we review three LISPs, one of which is distributed with a modern version of ELIZA. The LISP packages are muLISP /muSTAR from The Soft Warehouse, Cromemco LISP from Cromemco Inc, and (T.(L.C)) from The LISP Company. [...]  »

p.436 Interactive Fiction: Six Micro Stories

p.436 Interactive Fiction: Six Micro Stories

[author : Bob Liddil] #GameAdventure #Review

Extract : «  Adventure International has a new concept in computer simulation called Interactive Fiction. The product I'm reviewing is a sampler of six Interactive Fiction stories. The sampler is, of course, designed to whet your curiosity about the full-length titles offered by the company.

Defined in its simplest terms, an Interactive Fiction episode is a story that needs your responses to achieve its outcome. It goes far beyond Adventure's two-word responses by encouraging you to input complete sentences. I must confess that, at first, I was uncomfortable with the new format. Gradually, though, I became accustomed to bantering with the computer. [...]  »

Nucleus

Nucleus

p.10 Letters

p.10 Letters

p.34 p.108 Book Reviews: Principles of Artificial Intelligence; Turtle Geometry

p.34 p.108 Book Reviews: Principles of Artificial Intelligence; Turtle Geometry

#Book

Extract : «  Principles of Artificial Intelligence Nils J Nilsson Tioga Publishing, 1980, 476 pages, hardcover, S27.50 [...]

Turtle Geometry by Harold Abelson and Andrea A diSessa MIT Press, Cambridge MA, 1981, 478 pages, S20.00 [...]  »

p.110 p.383 p.412 BYTE's Bugs

p.110 p.383 p.412 BYTE's Bugs

p.162 Programming Quickies: Changing a BASIC FOR...NEXT Loop into a REPEAT...UNTIL Loop

p.162 Programming Quickies: Changing a BASIC FOR...NEXT Loop into a REPEAT...UNTIL Loop

p.354 BYTELINES

p.354 BYTELINES

p.360 Ask BYTE

p.360 Ask BYTE

p.364 Books Received

p.364 Books Received

#Book

Apple Crunch, novel by Frederic Vincent Huber. New York: Seaview Books, 1981; 15 by 22 cm, 264 pages, hardcover, ISBN 0-87223-687-0, $10.95.

Calculator Clout: Programming Methods for Your Programmable, Maurice D Weir. Englewood Cliffs NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1981; 18.5 by24.5 cm, 235 pages, hardcover, ISBN 0-13-110411-X, $17.95; softcover, ISBN 0-13-110403-9, $8.95.

Computers for Everybody, Jerry Willis and Merl Miller. Beaverton OR : Dilithium Press, 1981; 14 by 22 cm, 173 pages, softcover, ISBN. 0-918398-49-5, $4.95.

Computer Literacy: Problem-Solving with Computers, C E Horn and J L Poirot. Austin TX: Sterling Swift Publications, 1981; 18.5 by 23.5 cm, 304 pages, softcover, ISBN 0-88408-133-8, $13.95.

Computer Solution of Large Sparse Positive Definite Systems, Alan George and Joseph W Liu. Englewood Cliffs NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1981; 16 by 23.5 cm, 324 pages, hardcover, ISBN 0-13-165274-5, $24.95.

The Devil's DP Dictionary, Stan Kelly-Bootle. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1981; 13.5 by 20.5 cm, 141 pages, softcover, ISBN 0-07-034022-6, $7.50.

Electronic Circuits Note Book, Proven Designs for Systems Applications, edited by Samuel Weber. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1981; 22 by 28 cm, 344 pages, hardcover, ISBN 0-07-019244-8, $32.50.

Manual of Pharmacologic Calculations with Computer Programs, Ronald J Tallarida and Rodney B Murray. New York: Springer-Verlag, 1981; 16 by 24.5 cm, 150 pages, hardcover, ISBN 0-387-90500-6, $17.50.

Microsoft FORTRAN, Paul M Chirlian. Beaverton OR: Dilithium Press, 1981; 14 by 22 cm, 333 pages, softcover, ISBN 0-918398-46-0, $14.95.

Outland, The Movie Novel, edited by Richard J Anobile, from the screenplay by Peter Hyams. New York: Warner Books, 1981; 22 by 27.5 cm, 160 pages, softcover, ISBN 0-446-97829-9, $9.95.

Program Flow Analysis: Theory and Applications, S S Muchnick and N D Jones. Englewood Cliffs NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1981; 16 by 23.5 cm, 418 pages, hardcover, ISBN 0-13-729681-9, $23.50.

Scientific Analysis for Programmable Calculators with Algebraic Operating Systems, H R Meck. Englewood Cliffs NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1981; 18.5 by 24.5 cm, 175 pages, hardcover, ISBN 0-13-796417-X, $15.95; softcover, ISBN 0-13-796409-9, $7.95.

Software Metrics, edited by A J Perlis, F G Sayward, and M Shaw. Cambridge MA: The MIT Press, 1981; 16 by 23.5 cm, 404 pages, hardcover, ISBN 0-262-16083-8, $25.

Thirty-Two BASIC Programs for the Exidy Sorcerer, T Rugg, P Feldman, and K McCabe. Beaverton OR: Dilithium Press, 1981; 14 by 22 cm, 265 pages, softcover, ISBN 0-918398-35-5, $16.95.

p.366 Clubs and Newsletters

p.366 Clubs and Newsletters

p.372 Event Queue

p.372 Event Queue

p.383 Software Received

p.383 Software Received

p.412 p.425 BYTE's Bits

p.412 p.425 BYTE's Bits

p.426 p.428 p.435 Technical Forum

p.426 p.428 p.435 Technical Forum

Microcomputers and the IRS

Add Dual Trace and Delayed Sweep to Your Oscilloscope

How to Build an Inexpensive Cassette Level Indicator

p.432 System Notes: An Almost Optimum Z80 Memory Test Program

p.432 System Notes: An Almost Optimum Z80 Memory Test Program

p.441 What's New?

p.441 What's New?

p.494 Unclassified Ads

p.494 Unclassified Ads

p.495 Reader Service

p.495 Reader Service

p.496 BOMB. BOMB Results

p.496 BOMB. BOMB Results

ADS (content taken from the reader service p.495)

ADS (content taken from the reader service p.495)

p.123 47th STREET PHOTO

p.123 47th STREET PHOTO

p.103 A B DIGITAL DESIGN

p.103 A B DIGITAL DESIGN

p.451 AB COMPUTERS

p.451 AB COMPUTERS

p.190 ABM PRODUCTS

p.190 ABM PRODUCTS

p.389 ACKERMAN DIGITAL SYS

p.389 ACKERMAN DIGITAL SYS

p.85 ACTION COMPUTER

p.85 ACTION COMPUTER

p.183 ADAPTIVE DATA & ENERGY

p.183 ADAPTIVE DATA & ENERGY

p.482 p.483 ADV.COMP.PROD.

p.482 p.483 ADV.COMP.PROD.

p.126 ADV.MICRO SYS.

p.126 ADV.MICRO SYS.

p.460 ADVANCED TECH

p.460 ADVANCED TECH

p.125 ADVENTURE INT'L

p.125 ADVENTURE INT'L

p.382 AFTERTHOUGHT ENG.

p.382 AFTERTHOUGHT ENG.

p.158 ALLENBACH IND.

p.158 ALLENBACH IND.

p.31 p.120 p.121 ALPHA BYTE STORAGE

p.31 p.120 p.121 ALPHA BYTE STORAGE

p.458 ALSPA COMP.SYS.

p.458 ALSPA COMP.SYS.

p.152 p.153 ALTOS COMP.SYS.

p.152 p.153 ALTOS COMP.SYS.

p.265 AMER.COMP. & TELECOMM.

p.265 AMER.COMP. & TELECOMM.

p.458 AMER.COMP.EXCH.

p.458 AMER.COMP.EXCH.

p.453 AMER.SMALL BUSN.COMP

p.453 AMER.SMALL BUSN.COMP

p.261 AMER.SQUARE COMP.

p.261 AMER.SQUARE COMP.

p.145 ANADEX

p.145 ANADEX

p.228 ANCRONA

p.228 ANCRONA

p.377 ANDERSON JACOBSON

p.377 ANDERSON JACOBSON

p.77 APPARAT INC

p.77 APPARAT INC

p.12 p.13 p.346 APPLE COMPUTER INC

p.12 p.13 p.346 APPLE COMPUTER INC

p.422 APPLIED SYSTEMS

p.422 APPLIED SYSTEMS

p.88 ARTEC ELECTRONICS

p.88 ARTEC ELECTRONICS

p.462 ARTIFICIAL INT'L.RESRCH

p.462 ARTIFICIAL INT'L.RESRCH

p.236 p.237 p.335 ASAP COMP.PROD.INC.

p.236 p.237 p.335 ASAP COMP.PROD.INC.

p.282 p.283 ASHTON-TATE

p.282 p.283 ASHTON-TATE

p.452 AUTOCONTROL INC

p.452 AUTOCONTROL INC

p.357 AUTOMATED EQPTMNT.

p.357 AUTOMATED EQPTMNT.

p.14 AVOCET

p.14 AVOCET

p.456 B & B ELECTR.

p.456 B & B ELECTR.

p.279 BASF SYSTEMS

p.279 BASF SYSTEMS

p.269 BEAMAN PORTER

p.269 BEAMAN PORTER

p.449 BELL,JOHN ENGR.

p.449 BELL,JOHN ENGR.

p.275 BETA COMP.DEVICES

p.275 BETA COMP.DEVICES

p.461 BISON PRODUCTS

p.461 BISON PRODUCTS

p.462 BIT BUCKET, THE

p.462 BIT BUCKET, THE

p.253 BIZCOMP

p.253 BIZCOMP

p.460 BOWER-STEWART

p.460 BOWER-STEWART

p.167 BUSINESS OPERTING SYS

p.167 BUSINESS OPERTING SYS

p.341 BUSINESS WEEK

p.341 BUSINESS WEEK

p.249 p.250 p.251 p.252 BYTE BOOKS

p.249 p.250 p.251 p.252 BYTE BOOKS

p.379 BYTE BACK ISSUES

p.379 BYTE BACK ISSUES

p.377 BYTE WATS

p.377 BYTE WATS

p.462 CALIF DATA CORP

p.462 CALIF DATA CORP

p.484 p.485 CALIF. DIGITAL

p.484 p.485 CALIF. DIGITAL

p.21 CALIF.COMP.SYS.

p.21 CALIF.COMP.SYS.

p.20 CALIF.COMP.SYS.

p.20 CALIF.COMP.SYS.

p.233 CAMEO ELECTR.INC

p.233 CAMEO ELECTR.INC

p.452 CDR SYS.INC

p.452 CDR SYS.INC

p.125 CHATSWORTH DATA CORP

p.125 CHATSWORTH DATA CORP

p.458 CHECK-MATE

p.458 CHECK-MATE

p.10 CHECKS-TO-GO

p.10 CHECKS-TO-GO

p.454 CHIPS & DALE

p.454 CHIPS & DALE

p.323 CHRISLIN INDUSTRIES

p.323 CHRISLIN INDUSTRIES

p.496 CINEMATRONICS

p.496 CINEMATRONICS

p.467 CLEV.CONS.COMP. & COMP. NTS

p.467 CLEV.CONS.COMP. & COMP. NTS

p.220 CMC INT'L

p.220 CMC INT'L

p.369 COMPONENTS EXPRESS

p.369 COMPONENTS EXPRESS

p.431 COMPSTAT CO.

p.431 COMPSTAT CO.

p.184 p.185 COMPUMART

p.184 p.185 COMPUMART

p.243 p.244 p.245 COMPUPRO/GODBOUT

p.243 p.244 p.245 COMPUPRO/GODBOUT

p.291 COMPUSERVE

p.291 COMPUSERVE

p.322 COMPUTER AGE

p.322 COMPUTER AGE

p.452 COMPUTER AID

p.452 COMPUTER AID

p.270 COMPUTER DISC.OF AM.

p.270 COMPUTER DISC.OF AM.

p.321 COMPUTER EXCHANGE

p.321 COMPUTER EXCHANGE

p.30 COMPUTER FURN.& ACCSS.

p.30 COMPUTER FURN.& ACCSS.

p.247 COMPUTER MAIL ORDER

p.247 COMPUTER MAIL ORDER

p.458 COMPUTER PLUS

p.458 COMPUTER PLUS

p.460 COMPUTER SHOPPER

p.460 COMPUTER SHOPPER

p.100 p.101 COMP. SPCLTIES.

p.100 p.101 COMP. SPCLTIES.

p.465 COMPUTER STOP, THE

p.465 COMPUTER STOP, THE

p.410 COMPUTER STORE, THE

p.410 COMPUTER STORE, THE

p.117 COMPUTER WRHSE.

p.117 COMPUTER WRHSE.

p.366 p.370 p.380 COMPUTERS ETC.

p.366 p.370 p.380 COMPUTERS ETC.

p.379 COMP.PERIPH.UNLTD

p.379 COMP.PERIPH.UNLTD

p.390 COMPUTERS WHOLESALE

p.390 COMPUTERS WHOLESALE

p.294 COMPUTEX CORP

p.294 COMPUTEX CORP

p.285 COMPUTIQUE

p.285 COMPUTIQUE

p.69 COMPUVIEW PROD.INC.

p.69 COMPUVIEW PROD.INC.

p.308 p.357 CONCOMP IND.

p.308 p.357 CONCOMP IND.

p.468 CONCORD COMP.PROD.

p.468 CONCORD COMP.PROD.

p.139 p.476 p.477 CONSUMER COMP.

p.139 p.476 p.477 CONSUMER COMP.

p.298 CPI

p.298 CPI

p.459 CPU SHOP, THE

p.459 CPU SHOP, THE

p.1 p.2 CROMEMCO

p.1 p.2 CROMEMCO

p.458 CS

p.458 CS

p.359 CYBERNETICS INC

p.359 CYBERNETICS INC

p.26 D & W DIGITAL

p.26 D & W DIGITAL

p.130 DATA DISCOUNT CTR

p.130 DATA DISCOUNT CTR

p.70 p.71 DATA GENERAL

p.70 p.71 DATA GENERAL

p.460 DATA HARDWARE

p.460 DATA HARDWARE

p.161 DATA-ED

p.161 DATA-ED

p.318 DATALEX COMPANY, THE

p.318 DATALEX COMPANY, THE

p.67 p.278 DATASOUTH COMP CORP

p.67 p.278 DATASOUTH COMP CORP

p.287 DATATRONIC

p.287 DATATRONIC

p.438 p.439 DELTA PRODUCTS

p.438 p.439 DELTA PRODUCTS

p.151 DENVER SFTW.CO., THE

p.151 DENVER SFTW.CO., THE

p.81 DESIGNER SOFTWARE

p.81 DESIGNER SOFTWARE

p.351 DIGIAC CORP

p.351 DIGIAC CORP

p.205 DIGIBYTE SYS CORP

p.205 DIGIBYTE SYS CORP

p.160 DIGICOMP RESRCH CORP

p.160 DIGICOMP RESRCH CORP

p.407 DIGITAL ELECT.SYS

p.407 DIGITAL ELECT.SYS

p.371 DIGITAL GRAPHIC SYS

p.371 DIGITAL GRAPHIC SYS

p.6 p.355 DIGITAL MARKETING

p.6 p.355 DIGITAL MARKETING

p.157 DIGITAL PRESS

p.157 DIGITAL PRESS

p.127 DIGITAL RESEARCH

p.127 DIGITAL RESEARCH

p.488 p.489 DIGITAL RESEARCH COMP

p.488 p.489 DIGITAL RESEARCH COMP

p.353 DIP INC.

p.353 DIP INC.

p.374 DISCOUNT SFTW GRP, THE

p.374 DISCOUNT SFTW GRP, THE

p.363 DISK SUPPLY

p.363 DISK SUPPLY

p.166 p.415 DMA

p.166 p.415 DMA

p.76 p.78 p.80 DUAL SYS.CONTROL CORP

p.76 p.78 p.80 DUAL SYS.CONTROL CORP

p.458 DUGGER'S GROWING SYS

p.458 DUGGER'S GROWING SYS

p.365 DYMARC IND.

p.365 DYMARC IND.

(p.CIII) DYNABYTE BUSN.COMP.

(p.CIII) DYNABYTE BUSN.COMP.

p.324 p.325 DYNACOMP

p.324 p.325 DYNACOMP

p.136 p.137 DYSAN CORP

p.136 p.137 DYSAN CORP

p.349 ECOSOFT

p.349 ECOSOFT

p.468 ELECTROLABS

p.468 ELECTROLABS

p.316 ELECTRONIC CONTROL

p.316 ELECTRONIC CONTROL

p.347 ELECTRONIC SPCLISTS

p.347 ELECTRONIC SPCLISTS

p.102 ELECTRONIC SYS.FURN

p.102 ELECTRONIC SYS.FURN

p.125 ELECTRONICS CENTER

p.125 ELECTRONICS CENTER

p.349 ELLIS COMPUTING

p.349 ELLIS COMPUTING

p.456 p.464 EMPIRICAL RESRCH GRP.

p.456 p.464 EMPIRICAL RESRCH GRP.

p.299 EPSON AMERICA

p.299 EPSON AMERICA

p.373 ESCON

p.373 ESCON

p.393 EXPOTEK

p.393 EXPOTEK

p.464 F.E.C.LTD.

p.464 F.E.C.LTD.

p.417 FAIRCOM

p.417 FAIRCOM

p.349 FORETHOUGHT PRODUCTS

p.349 FORETHOUGHT PRODUCTS

p.367 FREDERICK COMP.PROD.

p.367 FREDERICK COMP.PROD.

p.460 FSS

p.460 FSS

p.456 FYI INC.

p.456 FYI INC.

p.191 GIDDINGS & LEWIS

p.191 GIDDINGS & LEWIS

p.362 p.460 GIMIX INC

p.362 p.460 GIMIX INC

p.242 GNT AUTOMATIC INC

p.242 GNT AUTOMATIC INC

p.227 p.229 H & E COMPUTRONICS

p.227 p.229 H & E COMPUTRONICS

p.457 HANLEY ENGNRING

p.457 HANLEY ENGNRING

p.63 p.215 HAYES MICROCOMP.PROD.

p.63 p.215 HAYES MICROCOMP.PROD.

p.16 p.17 p.207 HEATH COMPANY

p.16 p.17 p.207 HEATH COMPANY

p.319 HEMENWAY ASSOC.

p.319 HEMENWAY ASSOC.

p.51 HEWLETT-PACKARD

p.51 HEWLETT-PACKARD

p.454 HOBBY ROBOTICS

p.454 HOBBY ROBOTICS

p.224 HOUSTON INSTRUMENTS

p.224 HOUSTON INSTRUMENTS

p.159 IMS INTERNATIONAL

p.159 IMS INTERNATIONAL

p.119 INDEPENDENT BUS.SYS.

p.119 INDEPENDENT BUS.SYS.

p.286 INFOSOFT SYSTEMS INC

p.286 INFOSOFT SYSTEMS INC

p.364 INNOVATIVE PROD.

p.364 INNOVATIVE PROD.

p.176 INNOVATIVE SFTW APPL

p.176 INNOVATIVE SFTW APPL

p.311 INT'L.MICRO SYS

p.311 INT'L.MICRO SYS

p.345 INTEGRAND

p.345 INTEGRAND

p.425 INTEGRATED BUSN.COMP.

p.425 INTEGRATED BUSN.COMP.

p.210 INTERACTIVE MICROWRE

p.210 INTERACTIVE MICROWRE

p.328 p.338 INTERACTIVE STRUCT.

p.328 p.338 INTERACTIVE STRUCT.

p.25 INTERTEC DATA

p.25 INTERTEC DATA

p.177 INTERTEC DATA SYS.

p.177 INTERTEC DATA SYS.

p.458 IPEX INT'L

p.458 IPEX INT'L

p.8 p.9 ITHACA INTERSYSTEMS

p.8 p.9 ITHACA INTERSYSTEMS

p.471 p.472 p.473 JADE COMP.PROD

p.471 p.472 p.473 JADE COMP.PROD

p.486 p.487 JAMECO ELECTR.

p.486 p.487 JAMECO ELECTR.

p.474 p.475 JDR MICRODEVICES

p.474 p.475 JDR MICRODEVICES

p.454 JMCA SOFTWARE

p.454 JMCA SOFTWARE

p.300 KADAK PRODUCTS

p.300 KADAK PRODUCTS

p.454 KENGORE CORP.

p.454 KENGORE CORP.

p.351 KERN PUBLISHING

p.351 KERN PUBLISHING

p.460 KLO-FOX

p.460 KLO-FOX

p.462 KV 33

p.462 KV 33

p.377 LABORATORY MICROSYS.

p.377 LABORATORY MICROSYS.

p.380 LADCO DEVELMNT CO INC

p.380 LADCO DEVELMNT CO INC

p.213 p.263 p.309 LIFEBOAT ASSOC

p.213 p.263 p.309 LIFEBOAT ASSOC

p.331 LNW RESEARCH

p.331 LNW RESEARCH

p.343 LOGO COMP.SYS.

p.343 LOGO COMP.SYS.

p.367 LOMAS DATA PRODUCTS

p.367 LOMAS DATA PRODUCTS

p.452 LYBEN COMP.SYS.

p.452 LYBEN COMP.SYS.

p.452 p.462 MACROTRONICS

p.452 p.462 MACROTRONICS

p.454 MAGNOLIA MICROSYS

p.454 MAGNOLIA MICROSYS

p.143 MALIBU ELECTR CORP

p.143 MALIBU ELECTR CORP

p.413 MANNESMANN TALLY

p.413 MANNESMANN TALLY

p.203 MAROT SFTW.SYS.INC

p.203 MAROT SFTW.SYS.INC

p.369 MARTEC

p.369 MARTEC

p.373 MARYMAC INDUSTRIES

p.373 MARYMAC INDUSTRIES

p.96 MASTER ELECTR.INC

p.96 MASTER ELECTR.INC

p.268 MAURO ENGINEERING

p.268 MAURO ENGINEERING

p.32 MAXTEK

p.32 MAXTEK

p.158 MCCLINTOCK CORP

p.158 MCCLINTOCK CORP

p.256 p.257 p.350 MCGRAW-HILL BOOK CO

p.256 p.257 p.350 MCGRAW-HILL BOOK CO

p.305 MCMILLAN BOOK CLUBS

p.305 MCMILLAN BOOK CLUBS

p.454 MEADE'S DATA SYS

p.454 MEADE'S DATA SYS

p.28 p.29 MEAS.SYS. & CONTROLS

p.28 p.29 MEAS.SYS. & CONTROLS

p.53 MEMORY MERCHANT

p.53 MEMORY MERCHANT

p.460 MENTOR SOFTWARE

p.460 MENTOR SOFTWARE

p.440 META TECHNOLOGIES

p.440 META TECHNOLOGIES

p.174 p.175 MICRO AGE COMP.STORE

p.174 p.175 MICRO AGE COMP.STORE

p.179 MICRO BUSINESS WORLD

p.179 MICRO BUSINESS WORLD

p.458 MICRO BUSN. ASSOC

p.458 MICRO BUSN. ASSOC

p.125 MICRO BUSN. SYS

p.125 MICRO BUSN. SYS

p.147 MICRO COM

p.147 MICRO COM

p.140 MICRO DECISIONWARE

p.140 MICRO DECISIONWARE

p.79 MICRO FOCUS

p.79 MICRO FOCUS

p.280 p.281 MICRO HOUSE

p.280 p.281 MICRO HOUSE

p.310 MICRO

p.310 MICRO

p.347 MICRO MANAGEMENT SYS

p.347 MICRO MANAGEMENT SYS

p.383 MICRO MINT

p.383 MICRO MINT

p.231 MICRO PRO INT'L

p.231 MICRO PRO INT'L

p.93 MICRO SCI

p.93 MICRO SCI

p.466 MICRO SOURCE OF TX

p.466 MICRO SOURCE OF TX

p.365 MICRO WORKS, THE

p.365 MICRO WORKS, THE

p.369 MICROACE

p.369 MICROACE

p.173 MICROCOMP.TECH.INC

p.173 MICROCOMP.TECH.INC

p.387 MICROCOMPUTER APP.

p.387 MICROCOMPUTER APP.

p.214 MICROCRAFT SYS

p.214 MICROCRAFT SYS

p.201 MICRODASYS

p.201 MICRODASYS

p.376 MICROMAIL

p.376 MICROMAIL

p.345 MICROMATE ELECTR.INC

p.345 MICROMATE ELECTR.INC

p.111 MICROSOFT (CPD)

p.111 MICROSOFT (CPD)

p.212 MICROTECH EXP RTS

p.212 MICROTECH EXP RTS

p.466 MIKOS

p.466 MIKOS

p.288 MILLER MICROCOMP.SERV

p.288 MILLER MICROCOMP.SERV

p.357 MINI COMP.SUPPLIERS

p.357 MINI COMP.SUPPLIERS

p.18 p.478 p.479 MINI MICRO MART

p.18 p.478 p.479 MINI MICRO MART

p.375 MIRO COMPUTERS INC

p.375 MIRO COMPUTERS INC

p.57 MORROW DESIGNS

p.57 MORROW DESIGNS

p.19 MOUNTAIN COMPUTER

p.19 MOUNTAIN COMPUTER

p.195 MOUNTAIN VIEW PRESS

p.195 MOUNTAIN VIEW PRESS

p.181 MPI

p.181 MPI

p.464 MRD SYS INC

p.464 MRD SYS INC

p.156 MSD

p.156 MSD

p.188 MTI

p.188 MTI

p.162 NASHUA CORP

p.162 NASHUA CORP

p.462 NAT'L DATA SUPPLIES

p.462 NAT'L DATA SUPPLIES

p.339 NATIONAL COMP. SHOW

p.339 NATIONAL COMP. SHOW

p.208 NEBS

p.208 NEBS

p.295 NEECO

p.295 NEECO

p.104 p.106 p.348 NETRONICS

p.104 p.106 p.348 NETRONICS

p.165 NORSEA DATA CORP

p.165 NORSEA DATA CORP

p.82 p.178 NORTH AMER TECH

p.82 p.178 NORTH AMER TECH

p.361 NORTHWEST COMPUTER

p.361 NORTHWEST COMPUTER

p.290 NOVATION

p.290 NOVATION

p.289 NRI SCHOOLS ELECTR DIV

p.289 NRI SCHOOLS ELECTR DIV

p.258 OASIS SYSTEMS

p.258 OASIS SYSTEMS

(p.CIV) OHIO SCIENTIFIC INSTR

(p.CIV) OHIO SCIENTIFIC INSTR

p.219 p.221 OKIDATA CORP

p.219 p.221 OKIDATA CORP

p.464 OLIVER ADVANCED ENGIN

p.464 OLIVER ADVANCED ENGIN

p.363 OLYMPIC SALES

p.363 OLYMPIC SALES

p.421 OMEGA MICRO COMPUTER

p.421 OMEGA MICRO COMPUTER

p.302 p.303 OMEGA SALES

p.302 p.303 OMEGA SALES

p.49 OMIKRON

p.49 OMIKRON

p.115 OMNI RESOURCES

p.115 OMNI RESOURCES

p.456 ORACLE ELECTR

p.456 ORACLE ELECTR

p.141 p.148 p.149 ORANGE MICRO

p.141 p.148 p.149 ORANGE MICRO

p.464 ORION INSTRUMENTS

p.464 ORION INSTRUMENTS

p.33 OSBORNE COMPUTERS

p.33 OSBORNE COMPUTERS

p.332 OSBORNE WILSON LABS

p.332 OSBORNE WILSON LABS

p.107 OSBORNE/MCGRAW-HILL

p.107 OSBORNE/MCGRAW-HILL

p.254 p.255 OWENS ASSOC

p.254 p.255 OWENS ASSOC

p.226 PACIFIC COMP BRK

p.226 PACIFIC COMP BRK

p.462 PACIFIC DISC SFTW

p.462 PACIFIC DISC SFTW

p.382 p.416 p.454 p.464 PACIFIC EXCHANGES

p.382 p.416 p.454 p.464 PACIFIC EXCHANGES

p.194 PACIFIC MEDIA PRODUCTS

p.194 PACIFIC MEDIA PRODUCTS

p.480 p.481 PAGE DIGITAL

p.480 p.481 PAGE DIGITAL

p.333 PALOMAR COMP EQUIP

p.333 PALOMAR COMP EQUIP

p.470 PAN AMERICAN ELEC INC

p.470 PAN AMERICAN ELEC INC

p.379 PAPER TRACTOR

p.379 PAPER TRACTOR

p.431 PASSWORD DISTR

p.431 PASSWORD DISTR

p.382 PC NEWSLETTER

p.382 PC NEWSLETTER

p.73 PEACHTREE SOFTWARE

p.73 PEACHTREE SOFTWARE

p.7 p.15 p.454 PERCOM DATA

p.7 p.15 p.454 PERCOM DATA

p.272 PERSONAL COMPUTERS

p.272 PERSONAL COMPUTERS

p.234 PETRO-LEWIS CORP

p.234 PETRO-LEWIS CORP

p.267 PHASE ONE SYS INC

p.267 PHASE ONE SYS INC

p.366 PICKLES & TROUT

p.366 PICKLES & TROUT

p.458 POLY PAKS

p.458 POLY PAKS

p.464 POLYLINE CORP

p.464 POLYLINE CORP

p.225 POPULAR COMPUTING

p.225 POPULAR COMPUTING

p.411 POTOMAC MICRO-MAGIC

p.411 POTOMAC MICRO-MAGIC

p.163 POWER ONE INC

p.163 POWER ONE INC

p.462 PRACTICAL MGMNT SYS

p.462 PRACTICAL MGMNT SYS

p.490 p.491 p.492 p.493 PRIORITY ONE

p.490 p.491 p.492 p.493 PRIORITY ONE

p.456 PROTECTO ENTERPR

p.456 PROTECTO ENTERPR

p.186 PURCHASING AGENT, THE

p.186 PURCHASING AGENT, THE

p.327 QANTEX DIV

p.327 QANTEX DIV

p.84 p.464 QUALITY COMP PARTS

p.84 p.464 QUALITY COMP PARTS

p.91 QUALITY SOFTWARE

p.91 QUALITY SOFTWARE

p.313 QUASAR DATA PROD INC

p.313 QUASAR DATA PROD INC

p.455 QUEST ELECTR

p.455 QUEST ELECTR

p.312 R K S ENTERPRISES INC

p.312 R K S ENTERPRISES INC

p.371 R.R.SOFTWARE

p.371 R.R.SOFTWARE

p.361 RACET COMPUTES

p.361 RACET COMPUTES

p.35 RADIO SHACK

p.35 RADIO SHACK

p.124 RADIO SHACK ASSOC STR

p.124 RADIO SHACK ASSOC STR

p.347 RADIO SHACK-GLNW SPR

p.347 RADIO SHACK-GLNW SPR

p.456 RADIX INC

p.456 RADIX INC

p.361 ROBOTICS AGE

p.361 ROBOTICS AGE

p.373 S C DIGITAL

p.373 S C DIGITAL

p.365 S-100 INC

p.365 S-100 INC

p.206 SCIENTIFIC ENGRG LABS

p.206 SCIENTIFIC ENGRG LABS

p.458 SCIENTIFIC SFTW PROD

p.458 SCIENTIFIC SFTW PROD

p.5 SCION CORP

p.5 SCION CORP

p.412 SCITRONICS

p.412 SCITRONICS

p.154 SCOTTSDALE SYSTEMS

p.154 SCOTTSDALE SYSTEMS

p.464 SCR ELECTR

p.464 SCR ELECTR

p.113 SEATTLECOMP PRODS

p.113 SEATTLECOMP PRODS

p.462 SECURED COMP SYS

p.462 SECURED COMP SYS

p.293 SELECT INFO SYS

p.293 SELECT INFO SYS

p.370 SIERRA DATA SCIENCES

p.370 SIERRA DATA SCIENCES

p.456 SLUDER

p.456 SLUDER

p.317 SOFTECH MICROSYS

p.317 SOFTECH MICROSYS

p.273 SOFTWARE ARTS

p.273 SOFTWARE ARTS

p.65 SOFTWAREHOWS

p.65 SOFTWAREHOWS

p.172 SOLID STATE SALES

p.172 SOLID STATE SALES

p.340 SORRENTO VALLEY ASSOC

p.340 SORRENTO VALLEY ASSOC

p.456 SOUTHERN COMP SYS

p.456 SOUTHERN COMP SYS

(p.CII) SOUTHWEST TECH PROD

(p.CII) SOUTHWEST TECH PROD

p.375 SPECIALIZED BUSN SYS

p.375 SPECIALIZED BUSN SYS

p.197 SPECTRUM SOFTWARE

p.197 SPECTRUM SOFTWARE

p.11 SSM MICRO COMP PROD

p.11 SSM MICRO COMP PROD

p.89 STATCOM CORP

p.89 STATCOM CORP

p.235 STATIC MEMORY SYS

p.235 STATIC MEMORY SYS

p.315 SUBLOGIC

p.315 SUBLOGIC

p.470 SUNNY INT'L

p.470 SUNNY INT'L

p.222 SUPER STAR INT'L

p.222 SUPER STAR INT'L

p.54 p.99 p.155 p.358 p.378 p.381 SUPERSOFT

p.54 p.99 p.155 p.358 p.378 p.381 SUPERSOFT

p.367 SURVEYOR SUPPLY CO

p.367 SURVEYOR SUPPLY CO

p.93 SYBEX

p.93 SYBEX

p.334 SYNCHRO SOUND

p.334 SYNCHRO SOUND

p.170 SYNCTRONICS

p.170 SYNCTRONICS

p.109 SYNEMED, INC

p.109 SYNEMED, INC

p.92 SYS INTERFACE CONSUL

p.92 SYS INTERFACE CONSUL

p.189 SYSTEMS PLUS

p.189 SYSTEMS PLUS

p.337 TAB BOOKS

p.337 TAB BOOKS

p.351 TARBELL ELECTR

p.351 TARBELL ELECTR

p.371 TEAM ELECTR

p.371 TEAM ELECTR

p.199 TECHNICAL SYS CONS

p.199 TECHNICAL SYS CONS

p.301 TECMAR INC

p.301 TECMAR INC

p.61 p.239 TEI, INC

p.61 p.239 TEI, INC

p.306 TELERAM COMMUNC

p.306 TELERAM COMMUNC

p.209 TELEVIDEO INC

p.209 TELEVIDEO INC

p.211 TERCER MEDIO

p.211 TERCER MEDIO

p.204 TEXAS COMP SYS

p.204 TEXAS COMP SYS

p.135 TEXAS INSTRUMENTS

p.135 TEXAS INSTRUMENTS

p.94 p.95 p.223 THREE M COMPANY

p.94 p.95 p.223 THREE M COMPANY

p.187 THUNDERWARE

p.187 THUNDERWARE

p.408 TINNEY,RBT.GRAPHICS

p.408 TINNEY,RBT.GRAPHICS

p.329 TKS CORP

p.329 TKS CORP

p.367 TNW CORP

p.367 TNW CORP

p.23 TOSHIBA AMERICA INC

p.23 TOSHIBA AMERICA INC

p.454 TRANSFORMATION TECH

p.454 TRANSFORMATION TECH

p.345 TRANSNET CORP

p.345 TRANSNET CORP

p.193 TRANSWAVE CORP

p.193 TRANSWAVE CORP

p.460 TRINITY GRP, THE

p.460 TRINITY GRP, THE

p.366 TSE/HARDSIDE

p.366 TSE/HARDSIDE

p.307 p.463 U.S. MICRO SALES

p.307 p.463 U.S. MICRO SALES

p.271 U.S. ROBOTICS

p.271 U.S. ROBOTICS

p.418 UNIVERSAL SFTW STUDIOS

p.418 UNIVERSAL SFTW STUDIOS

p.27 UVEON COMP SYS

p.27 UVEON COMP SYS

p.375 VAN HORN OFFICE SUPP

p.375 VAN HORN OFFICE SUPP

p.409 VAN DATA

p.409 VAN DATA

p.86 VECTOR ELECTR

p.86 VECTOR ELECTR

p.75 VECTOR GRAPHICS

p.75 VECTOR GRAPHICS

p.87 VERBATIM CORP

p.87 VERBATIM CORP

p.150 VERTICAL DATA SYS INC

p.150 VERTICAL DATA SYS INC

p.277 VIDEX

p.277 VIDEX

p.105 VISTA COMPUTER CO

p.105 VISTA COMPUTER CO

p.168 p.169 VOTRAX

p.168 p.169 VOTRAX

p.363 VR DATA

p.363 VR DATA

p.469 WASHINGTON COMP SERV

p.469 WASHINGTON COMP SERV

p.292 WEIGH SYSTEMS TECH

p.292 WEIGH SYSTEMS TECH

p.171 p.452 WESTICO INC

p.171 p.452 WESTICO INC

p.129 WESTWARE

p.129 WESTWARE

p.131 WHITESMITHS LTD

p.131 WHITESMITHS LTD

p.55 p.217 WICAT SYSTEMS

p.55 p.217 WICAT SYSTEMS

p.368 WILLIAMS LABS

p.368 WILLIAMS LABS

p.452 WINTEK CORP

p.452 WINTEK CORP

p.326 WINTERHALTER & ASSOC

p.326 WINTERHALTER & ASSOC

p.297 X COMP

p.297 X COMP

p.83 ZOBEX

p.83 ZOBEX