1979 5.11 1981

Vol.5 n°11 november 1980

Vol.5 n°11 november 1980

(byte_1980_11.jpg)

[editor : Carl T. Helmers Jr., Christopher P Morgan] [publisher : Virginia Londoner, Gordon R Williamson] [art : Holly Carmen LaBossiere, Deborah Porter] #Magazine

p.4 Publisher's Note

p.4 Publisher's Note

[author : Virginia Londoner] #Magazine

As most readers will have observed, the September Fifth anniversary issue marked the beginning of a new phase for BYTE. The jump from a 300-page to a 400-page issue means a 33% increase in the material presented to our readers each month.

Because advertisements tend to be more visible than editorial content (especially in a technical journal), some readers may suspect that the larger issues mean merely more ads. But, in fact, the larger issues have approximately one third more editorial content. The new size does create design and manufacturing problems, however. The solution to these problems includes a redesign of the editorial pages of BYTE to make the editorial content easier to find and use. We expect the new format to be implemented early in 1981.

We are confident that the increased editorial content and new format will make BYTE even more of a bargain as well as a more useful tool for our readers. And that, after all, is what it's all about.

p.4 In This Issue

p.4 In This Issue

#Abstract

The cover for this issue of BYTE is a still from a 90-minute computer-animated cartoon called The Works. The photo was provided by Dick Lundin and Lance Williams and is constructed from quadric surfaces and polygons, using texture-mapping and normal-perturbation techniques. The background was painted by Paul Xanter - programming credit also goes to Tom Duff and Duane Palyka. A trailer of The Works was shown at SIGGRAPH '80 (page 172), although the film itself may not be finished for another two years.

A number of the articles for this month's theme were solicited with the help of Jay Nickson and Ken Lodding; their editorial begins on page 6. Both are employed by DEC (Digital Equipment Corporation): Jay is the manager of the human interface program for simplifying man/machine communications, Ken is a senior software engineer whose long-term interests intermix art and computer graphics.

p.6 Editorial

p.6 Editorial

#Edito #Book

Man is a visual animal. He surrounds himself with graphic images. Images are employed to convey information, to explain concepts, and to communicate feelings. The ability to draw is instinctive. It materializes in infants soon after the start of verbal development, perhaps to complement the slowly developing verbal skills. Although the ability to draw tends not to become as fully developed as verbal skills, images continue to provide much of the adult human communications ability. Pictures are a primary information-carrying channel: the histogram accompanying a financial article, the plot of a mathematical function, and the illustrations in BYTE are but a few examples. The importance of graphics for conveying information arises from the nature of man's visual system. The eye provides an extremely high-bandwidth information channel for transferring the data to be processed by the brain's optic center. The importance of this channel can be seen from the redundancy built into the system and from the distribution of optic nerve fibers in the brain. It is believed that no less than six different brain sites are directly serviced by connecting optic nerve fibers. (See reference 4.) The fundamental importance of visual information is reflected in the old adage, "seeing is believing," and in the observation that understand is one of the synonyms of the word see. Text fails to use our native abilities to comprehend information fully because it presents data in a linear, sequential fashion. Contrast this with graphical images, which can be processed in a single viewing-a phenomenon called preattentive perception. [...]

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Foreground

Foreground

p.32 HOME IN ON THE RANGE! AN ULTRASONIC RANGING SYSTEM

p.32 HOME IN ON THE RANGE! AN ULTRASONIC RANGING SYSTEM

Combine automatic sonar ranging and infrared-light detection in a computer-controlled scanner.

[author : Steve Ciarcia] #Electronic #Listing #BASIC #Robotics

Extract : «  [...] Two primary components compose the ranging unit. They are the electrostatic transducer (see photo 3) and the ultrasonic transceiver board (see photo 4). Together these components are capable of detecting the presence and distance of objects within a range of approximately 0.9 feet (0.3 meters) to 35 feet (10.6 meters) with a resolution of ± 1.2 inches ( ± 30 mm, or 0.29% of range). In operation, a pulse is transmitted toward a target, and the resulting echo is detected. [...]  »

p.64 MICROGRAPH, PART 1: DEVELOPING AN INSTRUCTION SET FOR A RASTER-SCAN DISPLAY

p.64 MICROGRAPH, PART 1: DEVELOPING AN INSTRUCTION SET FOR A RASTER-SCAN DISPLAY

Micrograph is an intelligent, low-cost, color-graphics terminal that interfaces to any microcomputer and standard, unmodified color television receiver.

[author : E Grady Booch] #Language #Listing #Display #Graphics #Programming #Book

Extract : «  Simply stated, computer graphics is the technique of visual communication from computer to man. (See reference 14.) Interactive computer graphics is an important subset of this broad field and relates to computergenerated displays that can interact with a user in real or near-real time. Interactive graphics started with attempts to use the CRT (cathode-ray tube) as a computer output device. (See reference 12). The Whirlwind I in 1950 and Sketchpad in 1963 are examples of early attempts at interactive computer-graphics systems. Since that time, two distinct classes of CRT-based devices have been developed for use in interactive graphics: calligraphic (or vector) devices and raster-scan (as in a television receiver) devices. The area of vector graphics "has for several years been sufficiently mature to justify efforts at standardization within it." [...]  »

p.126 GRAPHIC COLOR SLIDES, PART 1

p.126 GRAPHIC COLOR SLIDES, PART 1

The first of this two-part article gives a series of useful subroutines for generating color images on a Compucolor II.

[author : Alan W Grogono] #Listing #BASIC #Graphics

Extract : «  Color slides of graphs, bar charts, and other visual aids are a valuable addition to various public presentations. When made using conventional methods, the slides are expensive to produce and difficult to modify. But when the slide is produced by photographing a computer-generated color image (as described in my article, "Making Color Slides with an Intecolor Microcomputer," January 1980 BYTE, page 20), the slide can be produced inexpensively and the image can be modified easily. Points, lines, bars, and curves can be drawn to represent numeric data.

Unfortunately, writing the program that creates the screen image can be tedious and time-consuming. Many aspects of the program design, such as the selection of suitable scales and the conversion from user-units to screen-units, can be done by the computer. The subroutines given here in listing 1 have been written to provide a common set of routines that can be used to generate different kinds of graphs on a Compucolor II computer with a minimum of effort. [...]  »

p.148 THREE-DIMENSIONAL GRAPHICS FOR THE APPLE II

p.148 THREE-DIMENSIONAL GRAPHICS FOR THE APPLE II

With this popular computer, use a two-color scheme to generate three-dimensional figure

[author : Dan Sokol and John Shepard] #Listing #BASIC #Graphics

Extract : «  Many articles have been written regarding three-dimensional graphics on home computers. Some involve highly complex hardware such as spinning mirrors, while others rely upon computation-intensive software to project three-dimensional objects on a two-dimensional plane.

Taking an innovative step backwards and rediscovering an old technique, I have been able to create three-dimensional pictures using my Apple II computer. I have generated a number of visually stimulating displays in this manner and would like to share with you the methods used, with the hope that you too will discover new ways to use your computer.

The method is simple. Just take a piece of cardboard, and with a pair of scissors, cut out a pair of eyeglass frames. Next, put a red filter over the left eye opening in the frame and a green filter over the right opening (I did say it was an old idea !). When viewing the screen with the glasses on, anything colored red will not be visible to your right eye, and anything green will not be visible to your left eye (you may have to adjust the tint on your television to optimize this). Anything white will be visible to both eyes. [...]  »

p.296 A GENERAL INTERPOLATING GRAPHICS PACKAGE FOR THE TRS-80

p.296 A GENERAL INTERPOLATING GRAPHICS PACKAGE FOR THE TRS-80

Interpolate between points of a graphed function and three-dimensional figures.

[author : D K Cohen and Devon Crowe] #Listing #BASIC #Graphics

Extract : «  If you've ever tried creating graph displays with the Radio Shack TRS-80, then you know that the task can be time-consuming. If you haven't tried, you can look forward to the fact that axes must be generated and labelled, and data must be plotted using the awkward screen coordinates of Level II BASIC. After all this has been done, the resulting graph usually is not continuous, but has annoying holes in it. But don't despair, because with our simple package that may be implemented as a subroutine plotting X, Y coordinate relations or geometric figures is easy. In order to use this plotting package effectively, we suggest that you work through each example given. After implementing this package, TRS-80 users should be able to plot any analytic function or set of x and corresponding y values efficiently. This package will allow you to draw axes in the correct quadrant(s) and label them with chosen titles. Tic marks displayed at user-determined intervals, and maximum and minimum values displayed at the correct positions on the graph are also easy to accomplish. [...]  »

p.340 AN 8088 PROCESSOR FOR THE S-100 BUS, PART 3

p.340 AN 8088 PROCESSOR FOR THE S-100 BUS, PART 3

This monitor program takes advantage of some powerful software and architectural aspects of the 8088 processor.

[author : Thomas Woodward Cantrell] #Microprocessor #Interface #Algorithm #Listing #Assembly

Extract : «  MON88 is a small system monitor for the single-board 8088-based processor described in parts 1 and 2 of this article (September and October 1980 BYTE, pages 43 and 62 respectively).

The current configuration of MON88 implements sixteen commands (expandable to twenty-six) and uses less than 1.5 K bytes of memory. This includes a "large" (approximately 256-byte) video driver required for my hardware environment and lengthy messages (about 128 bytes' worth) that make MON88 easy to use. No attempt was made to optimize the amount of memory used.

Stripping out the video-driver routine (that is, using a hardware terminal, rather than software, to create the same effect) and the messages, along with some optimization, can probably reduce code size to 1 K bytes. My plan is to expand the monitor until it fills the 2 K bytes of EPROM (erasable programmable read-only memory) in the 8755A-2 integrated circuit on the processor board. (See table 1 for a quick-reference guide to the MON88 instruction set.) [...]  »

Background

Background

p.22 THE FUTURE OF COMPUTER GRAPHICS

p.22 THE FUTURE OF COMPUTER GRAPHICS

Take a look at the future of graphics hardware and applications.

[author : Bruce Eric Brown and Stephen Levine] #Anticipation #Graphics

Extract : «  Predicting the future can place one in a very precarious position. Although technology is moving forward at such a pace that it is almost impossible to look a long way down the road, we do have a good idea of what the near-future trends will be. So here I will discuss where the trends in computer-generated graphics are headed.

Computer graphics is the fastestgrowing segment of the computer industry. Although many existing computers already have graphics capabilities, the future is even brighter. Since personal computer users will make up the largest percentage of the computer graphics market, the standard color television receiver will be the most common display device. Research is continually going on in video-generation techniques, and we can expect the quality of video images to improve dramatically.

Also on the horizon is the use of networks. Best of all, the price of graphics systems should continue to fall, and as they do, the number of applications will increase drastically. [...]  »

p.90 LANGUAGE CONTROL STRUCTURES FOR EASY ELECTRONIC VISUALIZATION

p.90 LANGUAGE CONTROL STRUCTURES FOR EASY ELECTRONIC VISUALIZATION

Zgrass, a hybrid of language and hardware, can be used to solve graphic-display problems.

[author : Dr Thomas DeFanti] #Language #Graphics

Extract : «  [...] Zgrass is a language/system designed to provide easy access to computer graphics and, in general, to computing. It has sophisticated realtime structures and control capability, and it's friendly, extensible, and fun. The language is more efficient than BASIC, more user-oriented than FORTRAN or Pascal, and it has the kind of language-control structures that will help you create your mind's fantastic visualizations on your video screen with more ease than ever before.  »

p.180 A SIMPLIFIED THEORY OF VIDEO GRAPHICS, PART 1

p.180 A SIMPLIFIED THEORY OF VIDEO GRAPHICS, PART 1

Part 1 covers the principles of television and computer-generated graphics.

[author : Allen Watson III] #Graphics #HowItWorks

Extract : «  This is an interesting time for choosing a personal computer, especially if you are looking for one with a graphics display. As you can see from the summary of specifications in table 1, the available graphics capabilities of the personal computers are all different, and no one model has a clear advantage over all the others. To make your choice even more difficult, some models exhibit undocumented quirks that are not apparent from the specifications. Your choice of a video-graphics system will depend on what you want to do with graphics and on the performance of the different computers. While I can't help with the first aspect of your decision, I may be able to help you understand system performance by explaining the operating principles of video displays and describing the various combinations of features available on popular personal computers. [...]  »

p.206 GETTING TO KNOW YOUR MONITOR

p.206 GETTING TO KNOW YOUR MONITOR

Meet the most frequently used human/computer interface - the video terminal.

[author : Ron Dalpiaz] #Display #HowItWorks #Electronic

Extract : «  There are few more satisfying pursuits than constructing, operating, and maintaining a personal computer system. The brave souls who develop their systems from discrete kits, preferring to assemble the "ideal" combination of peripherals, can feel justifiably proud of their accomplishments.

Inevitably, system failures will occur and can usually be remedied by personal knowledge and help from numerous books and articles on computer-circuit theory. But one frequently neglected area is the operational theory of the most used human-to-computer interface: the monochrome video monitor.

The video monitor is a basic part of most personal computer systems. The theory described here applies to converted television receivers and professional monitors. The two differ mostly in the video amplifier's frequency response and the cathode-ray-tube phosphor color : a professional monitor has a greater frequency response and a green phosphor. Additionally, the professional monitor has no tuner, intermediate frequency amplifier, video detector, sound or AGC (automatic gain control) sections, which are necessary in the broadcast receiver. The latter must have these sections rendered inoperable or selectively switched out when used as a monitor. Our discussion will assume a professional monitor with direct video entry. [...]  »

p.220 DIGITAL STORAGE OF IMAGES

p.220 DIGITAL STORAGE OF IMAGES

Theory and practice of digital-image capture and storage are explained in detail.

[author : Thomas Williams] #Electronic #OpticalInput #HowItWorks

Extract : «  The availability of inexpensive computer memory has brought high-resolution gray-scale and color graphics within the reach of the home computer experimenter. Over the last decade the ability to capture video signals in digital form, manipulate the stored data, and display it has moved from military and research engineers to undergraduates and interested hobbyists. [...]  »

p.244 MACHINE PROBLEM SOLVING, PART 3: THE ALPHA-BETA PROCEDURE

p.244 MACHINE PROBLEM SOLVING, PART 3: THE ALPHA-BETA PROCEDURE

In the conclusion of this series, we discover how searching for information stored in tree structures can be made more efficient.

[author : Peter Frey] #Listing #BASIC #ArtificialIntelligence #Book

Extract : «  Zero-Sum Games

In many problem-solving situations, the wisdom of a particular decision often depends upon the range of options that someone else may have. Many real-world decision-making environments can be modeled in terms of a two-person game. When each player is aware of his own and his opponent's options at each choice point, the game is described as one of perfect information. If the rules of the game require that each player's gain must come at the expense of the other, then the game is strictly competitive, or zero-sum. Familiar games that meet these criteria are chess, checkers, three-dimensional tic-tac-toe, go, gomoku, and Othello.

The first two articles in this series considered decisionmaking situations in which a single individual was responsible for a series of choices. By constructing programs that searched among a large number of choice combinations, we were successful in developing mechanical solutions for these problems. When two people are making choices and each is trying to better his own position at the other's expense, the standard look-ahead search that we described earlier is no longer adequate. [...]  »

p.361 ADD MACRO EXPANSION TO YOUR MICROCOMPUTER, PART 2

p.361 ADD MACRO EXPANSION TO YOUR MICROCOMPUTER, PART 2

Notes on implementation and options are presented in this final part.

[author : David C Brown] #Algorithm #Listing #Assembly #Programming #Book

Extract : «  Last month, I discussed the definition and use of the macro instruction and detailed a set of requirements for a macro processor. Part 1 also gave an overview in the form of text and flowcharts of how this macro processor would operate. Figures 1 thru 11 provide a more detailed flowchart of these processes and roughly correspond to the overview flowcharts in figure 1 of Part 1 of this article (October 1980 BYTE, page 162). Frequent reference should be made back to these overview flowcharts when reading the detailed flowcharts of figures 1 thru 11. A glossary of terms appears on page 371.

This completes the explanation of the macro definition and expansion. In the rest of the article I will discuss the interface of the macro processor to an assembler, as well as possible enhancements. [...]  »

Nucleus

Nucleus

p.16 Letters

p.16 Letters

p.62 p.86 Technical Forum

p.62 p.86 Technical Forum

p.108 Book Reviews

p.108 Book Reviews

#Book

Extract : «  Applied Mathematical Physics With Programmable Pocket Calculators by Robert M Eisberg, McGraw-Hill Book Company, New York NY, 1976, 176 pages, softcover, $9.95 [...]

The Little LISPer by Daniel P Friedman, Science Research Associates Inc, Palo Alto CA, 1974, 58 pages, softcover, $3.95 [...]

Mathematical Elements for Computer Graphics by David Rogers and J Alan Adams, McGraw-Hill Book Company, New York NY, 1976, Softcover, 239 pages, $12.95 [...]  »

p.112 p.114 p.292 p.322 BYTE's Bugs

p.112 p.114 p.292 p.322 BYTE's Bugs

p.114 Books Received

p.114 Books Received

p.116 p.145 Programming Quickies

p.116 p.145 Programming Quickies

p.119 BYTE's Bits

p.119 BYTE's Bits

p.147 Clubs and Newsletters

p.147 Clubs and Newsletters

p.158 Product Reviews - Altos ACS8000

p.158 Product Reviews - Altos ACS8000

[author : Mark Dahmke] #Review #ComputerDesktop

Extract : «  Altos Computer Systems of San Jose, California, manufactures a series of powerful Z80-based computers aimed mainly at the smallbusiness and scientific-laboratory markets. The company offers a wide variety of models - from one 8-inch, single-density, Shugart floppy-disk drive with 32 K bytes of main memory to four double-density, 8-inch floppy-disk drives, and a harddisk subsystem with as much as 58 megabytes of on-line storage. [...]  »

p.190 Product Reviews - VisiCalc

p.190 Product Reviews - VisiCalc

[author : Robert E Ramsdell] #Review #Software #Office #Finance #Business #Simulation #Mathematics

Extract : «  [...] VisiCalc is an extremely well-designed software package that can be used by anyone with or without a programming background. There is no programming language involved in the use of VisiCalc.

• The instant interaction between the user and the screen facilitates the understanding of the manipulation of the variables in the matrix.

• The ability to interchange data with other programs helps make VisiCalc an integral part of any business systems package.

• VisiCalc is the first program available on a microcomputer that has been responsible for sales of entire systems.  »

p.196 Product Reviews - MicroAngelo Video Display

p.196 Product Reviews - MicroAngelo Video Display

[author : Mark Dahmke] #Review #GraphicCard

Extract : «  The MicroAngelo high-resolution raster graphics display stands well above other S-100 graphics displays in its price and performance range. Since the MicroAngelo is actually a single-board microcomputer, a great number of functions that previously had to be performed by the host computer are now done in firmware on the graphics board. Rather than using the memoryaddress space of the host as a graphics display buffer (32 K bytes in this case), the host communicates with the MicroAngelo through two parallel ports with simple yet powerful commands. The MicroAngelo decodes these commands and automatically performs the desired functions independently of the host processor. With this parallel-processing capability, system response time is greatly enhanced. [...]  »

p.172 SIGGRAPH Convention Report

p.172 SIGGRAPH Convention Report

p.240 BYTELINES

p.240 BYTELINES

p.266 Ask BYTE

p.266 Ask BYTE

p.314 Event Queue

p.314 Event Queue

p.343 Tom Sloan Cartoon

p.343 Tom Sloan Cartoon

p.372 What's New?

p.372 What's New?

p.430 Unclassified Ads

p.430 Unclassified Ads

p.431 BOMB Results

p.431 BOMB Results

p.431 BOMB

p.431 BOMB

p.432 Reader Service

p.432 Reader Service

ADS (content taken from the reader service p.432)

ADS (content taken from the reader service p.432)

p.395 AB Computers

p.395 AB Computers

p.335 ABM Products

p.335 ABM Products

p.118 p.404 Ackerman Digital

p.118 p.404 Ackerman Digital

p.201 AEI

p.201 AEI

p.380 Adaptive Data & Energy Sys

p.380 Adaptive Data & Energy Sys

p.386 Addison-Wesley Pub Co

p.386 Addison-Wesley Pub Co

p.404 Add master

p.404 Add master

p.422 p.423 Advanced Comp Prod

p.422 p.423 Advanced Comp Prod

p.384 Alpha Omega Comp Sys

p.384 Alpha Omega Comp Sys

p.406 Alpha Omega Systems

p.406 Alpha Omega Systems

p.235 Am Comp & Telecom Corp

p.235 Am Comp & Telecom Corp

p.364 Am Micro Prod Inc

p.364 Am Micro Prod Inc

p.228 American Square Comp

p.228 American Square Comp

p.396 Ancrona

p.396 Ancrona

p.299 Anderson Jacobson

p.299 Anderson Jacobson

p.178 p.179 APF Electronics

p.178 p.179 APF Electronics

p.163 Apparat Inc

p.163 Apparat Inc

p.12 p.13 Apple Computer

p.12 p.13 Apple Computer

p.103 Applied Dig Data Sys

p.103 Applied Dig Data Sys

p.380 Applied Logic Inc

p.380 Applied Logic Inc

p.309 Arizona Comp Systems

p.309 Arizona Comp Systems

p.6 Arlee Electronics

p.6 Arlee Electronics

p.385 ASAP

p.385 ASAP

p.27 Atari Personal Computers

p.27 Atari Personal Computers

p.382 ATV Research

p.382 ATV Research

p.201 Automated Equip Inc

p.201 Automated Equip Inc

p.380 Autometrics

p.380 Autometrics

p.129 Axiom

p.129 Axiom

p.49 base 2 inc

p.49 base 2 inc

p.394 Becklan

p.394 Becklan

p.323 John Bell Engineering

p.323 John Bell Engineering

p.216 p.388 Beta Comp Devices

p.216 p.388 Beta Comp Devices

p.408 Bishop Management Co Ltd

p.408 Bishop Management Co Ltd

p.327 Bit 3 Computer Corp

p.327 Bit 3 Computer Corp

p.384 Bit Bucket

p.384 Bit Bucket

p.256 Bower-Stewart & Assoc

p.256 Bower-Stewart & Assoc

p.236 Buss/Charles Floto

p.236 Buss/Charles Floto

p.337 BYTE Back Issues

p.337 BYTE Back Issues

p.146 p.261 p.430 BYTE Books

p.146 p.261 p.430 BYTE Books

p.307 BYTES & FLIGHTS

p.307 BYTES & FLIGHTS

p.339 BYTE Subscriber

p.339 BYTE Subscriber

p.341 BYTE WATS

p.341 BYTE WATS

p.337 C & S Electronics

p.337 C & S Electronics

p.330 Cado Systems

p.330 Cado Systems

p.20 p.21 Calif Comp Systems

p.20 p.21 Calif Comp Systems

p.380 Calif Data Corp

p.380 Calif Data Corp

p.424 p.425 California Digital

p.424 p.425 California Digital

p.362 Cambridge Develop Labs

p.362 Cambridge Develop Labs

p.382 CCM Inc

p.382 CCM Inc

p.384 CCS Inc

p.384 CCS Inc

p.139 Centronics

p.139 Centronics

p.327 CFR Assoc Inc

p.327 CFR Assoc Inc

p.225 Chrislin Industries

p.225 Chrislin Industries

p.184 Circle Comp Sales

p.184 Circle Comp Sales

p.204 p.205 CI Con Comp & Comp

p.204 p.205 CI Con Comp & Comp

p.414 p.415 CompuMart

p.414 p.415 CompuMart

p.325 Computer Age Inc

p.325 Computer Age Inc

p.291 Computer Case Co

p.291 Computer Case Co

p.308 Comp Discount of Am

p.308 Comp Discount of Am

p.237 Computer Factory

p.237 Computer Factory

p.112 Comp Furniture & Access

p.112 Comp Furniture & Access

p.122 Computer Instant Ads

p.122 Computer Instant Ads

p.233 Computer Marketing Corp

p.233 Computer Marketing Corp

p.404 Computer Shopper

p.404 Computer Shopper

p.387 Computer Specialties

p.387 Computer Specialties

p.119 p.145 p.175 p.391 Computers R Us

p.119 p.145 p.175 p.391 Computers R Us

p.383 The Computer Stop

p.383 The Computer Stop

p.82 Computers Wholesale

p.82 Computers Wholesale

p.18 Computer Technology Assoc

p.18 Computer Technology Assoc

p.392 Comp Trans Sys Inc

p.392 Comp Trans Sys Inc

p.318 p.406 Computer Warehouse

p.318 p.406 Computer Warehouse

p.28 Computex

p.28 Computex

p.388 COMPUTIME

p.388 COMPUTIME

p.133 Compuview Products Inc

p.133 Compuview Products Inc

p.320 Condor Computer Corp

p.320 Condor Computer Corp

p.396 Condor Comp Components

p.396 Condor Comp Components

p.307 Conn microCOMPUTER

p.307 Conn microCOMPUTER

p.234 p.321 Coosol

p.234 p.321 Coosol

p.252 The Cornsoft Group

p.252 The Cornsoft Group

p.53 Corvus Systems

p.53 Corvus Systems

p.407 The CPU Shop

p.407 The CPU Shop

p.384 Creative Min Businesses

p.384 Creative Min Businesses

p.359 Creative Software

p.359 Creative Software

p.1 p.2 Cromemco

p.1 p.2 Cromemco

p.243 Cybernetics Inc

p.243 Cybernetics Inc

p.386 Cybertech

p.386 Cybertech

p.332 DAR Sales

p.332 DAR Sales

p.74 Data Discount Center

p.74 Data Discount Center

p.278 Datadisk Systems

p.278 Datadisk Systems

p.314 Datasouth Computer Corp

p.314 Datasouth Computer Corp

p.161 Decision Master

p.161 Decision Master

p.418 p.419 Delta Products

p.418 p.419 Delta Products

p.404 Des & Build Info Serv

p.404 Des & Build Info Serv

p.243 DG Electronics

p.243 DG Electronics

p.223 Diablo (Div of Xerox)

p.223 Diablo (Div of Xerox)

p.331 Digiac Corp

p.331 Digiac Corp

p.315 Digital Graphic Systems

p.315 Digital Graphic Systems

p.241 Digital Marketing

p.241 Digital Marketing

p.255 Digital Research (CA)

p.255 Digital Research (CA)

p.401 Digital Research Computers

p.401 Digital Research Computers

p.211 DIP Inc

p.211 DIP Inc

p.300 The Disc Software Group

p.300 The Disc Software Group

p.315 Disk/3 Mart Inc

p.315 Disk/3 Mart Inc

p.224 Dual Systems Control Corp

p.224 Dual Systems Control Corp

p.245 Dynacomp Inc

p.245 Dynacomp Inc

p.365 Dyn Microproc Assoc

p.365 Dyn Microproc Assoc

p.60 p.61 Dysan Corp

p.60 p.61 Dysan Corp

p.186 Eaton Corp

p.186 Eaton Corp

p.339 Ecosoft

p.339 Ecosoft

p.399 Electrolabs

p.399 Electrolabs

p.78 Electronic Control Tech

p.78 Electronic Control Tech

p.311 Electronic Design Assoc

p.311 Electronic Design Assoc

p.382 Electronic Music Systems

p.382 Electronic Music Systems

p.247 Electronics Book Club

p.247 Electronics Book Club

p.297 Electronic Specialists

p.297 Electronic Specialists

p.402 p.403 Electronic Systems

p.402 p.403 Electronic Systems

p.304 Electronic Sys Furniture Co

p.304 Electronic Sys Furniture Co

p.311 Ellis Computing

p.311 Ellis Computing

p.14 Epson

p.14 Epson

p.189 Essex Publishing

p.189 Essex Publishing

p.75 Exatron Inc

p.75 Exatron Inc

p.305 Excom

p.305 Excom

p.215 Executive Business Sys

p.215 Executive Business Sys

p.10 Factory Direct

p.10 Factory Direct

p.404 Faragher & Assoc

p.404 Faragher & Assoc

p.325 Farnsworth Comp Center

p.325 Farnsworth Comp Center

p.384 Feith Software

p.384 Feith Software

p.388 Fordham Radio Supply

p.388 Fordham Radio Supply

p.317 Futureworld

p.317 Futureworld

p.386 General Systems Consulting

p.386 General Systems Consulting

p.382 Gimix

p.382 Gimix

p.218 p.219 Godbout Electronics

p.218 p.219 Godbout Electronics

p.359 Mark Gordon Computers

p.359 Mark Gordon Computers

p.278 GR Electronics LTD

p.278 GR Electronics LTD

p.303 GW Computers

p.303 GW Computers

p.279 p.294 p.295 H & E Computronics

p.279 p.294 p.295 H & E Computronics

p.382 Hanley Engineering

p.382 Hanley Engineering

p.2 Hardhat Software

p.2 Hardhat Software

p.312 p.313 Hardside

p.312 p.313 Hardside

p.262 Hayden Book Co Inc

p.262 Hayden Book Co Inc

p.135 Hayes Microcomp Prod Inc

p.135 Hayes Microcomp Prod Inc

p.154 p.155 Hazeltine Corp

p.154 p.155 Hazeltine Corp

p.71 p.113 Heath Company

p.71 p.113 Heath Company

p.14 High Technology Inc

p.14 High Technology Inc

p.397 Hobbyworld Electronics

p.397 Hobbyworld Electronics

p.89 Houston Instruments

p.89 Houston Instruments

p.406 Ibex Comp Corp

p.406 Ibex Comp Corp

p.332 IDM

p.332 IDM

p.57 Image Resource Corp

p.57 Image Resource Corp

p.25 p.151 Industrial Micro Systems

p.25 p.151 Industrial Micro Systems

p.87 Integral Data Sys

p.87 Integral Data Sys

p.301 Integrand

p.301 Integrand

p.136 p.137 Intel

p.136 p.137 Intel

p.214 Intelligence Systems

p.214 Intelligence Systems

p.408 Interactive Comp Sys Inc

p.408 Interactive Comp Sys Inc

p.301 International Microsystems

p.301 International Microsystems

p.17 p.127 Intertec Data Sys

p.17 p.127 Intertec Data Sys

p.8 p.9 Ithaca Intersystems

p.8 p.9 Ithaca Intersystems

p.408 J & S Computers

p.408 J & S Computers

p.193 Jade Computer Prod

p.193 Jade Computer Prod

p.410 p.411 Jade Comp Products

p.410 p.411 Jade Comp Products

p.412 p.413 Jameco Electronics

p.412 p.413 Jameco Electronics

p.76 JDR MICRODEVICES INC

p.76 JDR MICRODEVICES INC

p.332 Jepsan Group K Inc

p.332 Jepsan Group K Inc

p.386 Jini Microsystems

p.386 Jini Microsystems

p.315 Joe Computer

p.315 Joe Computer

p.400 JR Inventory Co

p.400 JR Inventory Co

p.115 Kemco LTD

p.115 Kemco LTD

p.232 Kenyon Microsystems

p.232 Kenyon Microsystems

p.384 Kit Parts LTD

p.384 Kit Parts LTD

p.54 p.55 Kanan Corp

p.54 p.55 Kanan Corp

p.143 Kurta Corp

p.143 Kurta Corp

p.305 Leapac Services

p.305 Leapac Services

p.36 p.156 p.157 p.162 p.230 p.341 Lifbt (Lifeboat)

p.36 p.156 p.157 p.162 p.230 p.341 Lifbt (Lifeboat)

p.305 LNW Research

p.305 LNW Research

p.111 Lobo Drives Int'l

p.111 Lobo Drives Int'l

p.310 p.384 p.408 Macrotronics Inc

p.310 p.384 p.408 Macrotronics Inc

p.207 Malibu Electronics

p.207 Malibu Electronics

p.299 Marketline

p.299 Marketline

p.171 Marinchip Systems

p.171 Marinchip Systems

p.253 Marot Software Systems Inc

p.253 Marot Software Systems Inc

p.293 Mark of the Unicorn

p.293 Mark of the Unicorn

p.316 Marway Products Inc

p.316 Marway Products Inc

p.266 Marymac Industries Inc

p.266 Marymac Industries Inc

p.165 Maxell Data

p.165 Maxell Data

p.152 p.153 McGraw-Hill Magazines

p.152 p.153 McGraw-Hill Magazines

p.29 p.95 Meas Sys & Controls

p.29 p.95 Meas Sys & Controls

p.285 Meta Technologies Corp

p.285 Meta Technologies Corp

p.307 MICAH

p.307 MICAH

p.259 MicroAce

p.259 MicroAce

p.194 p.195 MicroAmerica Distributing

p.194 p.195 MicroAmerica Distributing

p.65 p.169 Micro Age Computer Store

p.65 p.169 Micro Age Computer Store

p.331 Micro Ap

p.331 Micro Ap

p.263 Micro Appl Group (MAG)

p.263 Micro Appl Group (MAG)

p.303 Micro Architect

p.303 Micro Architect

p.381 Micro Business World

p.381 Micro Business World

p.217 Micro Computer Brokers

p.217 Micro Computer Brokers

p.188 Micro Comp Discount Co

p.188 Micro Comp Discount Co

p.163 Microcomputer Tech Inc

p.163 Microcomputer Tech Inc

p.69 MicroDaSys

p.69 MicroDaSys

p.117 Micro Data Base Sys

p.117 Micro Data Base Sys

p.109 Micro Focus

p.109 Micro Focus

p.58 Micro House

p.58 Micro House

p.183 Micromall

p.183 Micromall

p.173 Micro Management Sys

p.173 Micro Management Sys

p.159 Micro Mikes

p.159 Micro Mikes

p.392 The Micro Mint

p.392 The Micro Mint

p.404 Micro Processor Sys Inc

p.404 Micro Processor Sys Inc

p.289 Micro Pro International

p.289 Micro Pro International

p.41 MICRO-SCI

p.41 MICRO-SCI

p.406 Microsette

p.406 Microsette

p.123 Microsoft

p.123 Microsoft

p.231 Microsoft (Cons Prod Div)

p.231 Microsoft (Cons Prod Div)

p.94 Micro Tax Software

p.94 Micro Tax Software

p.317 MicroTech Exports

p.317 MicroTech Exports

p.37 Microtek Inc

p.37 Microtek Inc

p.283 Microware

p.283 Microware

p.124 The Micro Works

p.124 The Micro Works

p.141 Micro World

p.141 Micro World

p.390 Mikos

p.390 Mikos

p.246 Miller Microcomputer Ser

p.246 Miller Microcomputer Ser

p.272 Mindex Infosystems

p.272 Mindex Infosystems

p.335 Mini Computers suppliers

p.335 Mini Computers suppliers

p.52 p.271 p.426 p.427 p.428 p.429 Mini Micro Mart

p.52 p.271 p.426 p.427 p.428 p.429 Mini Micro Mart

p.337 Miro Computers

p.337 Miro Computers

p.44 p.45 Morrow/Thinker Toys

p.44 p.45 Morrow/Thinker Toys

p.19 p.100 Mountain Computer Inc

p.19 p.100 Mountain Computer Inc

p.221 mpi

p.221 mpi

p.56 MTI, Inc

p.56 MTI, Inc

p.328 p.329 MT Microsystems

p.328 p.329 MT Microsystems

p.38 Multi Business Comp Sys

p.38 Multi Business Comp Sys

p.35 Nat Microsoftware Prod Inc

p.35 Nat Microsoftware Prod Inc

p.194 p.195 NEECO

p.194 p.195 NEECO

p.379 Nestar Systems Inc

p.379 Nestar Systems Inc

p.128 p.130 p.132 p.134 p.181 Netronics

p.128 p.130 p.132 p.134 p.181 Netronics

p.138 NNC Electronics

p.138 NNC Electronics

p.326 Noesis Computing Co

p.326 Noesis Computing Co

p.33 North Star

p.33 North Star

p.331 Northwest Comp Serv Inc

p.331 Northwest Comp Serv Inc

p.80 Novation

p.80 Novation

p.209 NRI Schools

p.209 NRI Schools

p.104 p.105 Ohio Scientific Instr

p.104 p.105 Ohio Scientific Instr

(p.CIV) Ohio Scientific Instr

(p.CIV) Ohio Scientific Instr

p.88 OK Machine & Tool

p.88 OK Machine & Tool

p.331 Oliver Advanced Eng

p.331 Oliver Advanced Eng

p.293 Omikron

p.293 Omikron

p.208 Omega Micro Computers

p.208 Omega Micro Computers

p.274 Omega Research

p.274 Omega Research

p.177 Omega Sales Co

p.177 Omega Sales Co

p.257 onComputing

p.257 onComputing

p.319 Optimal Technology

p.319 Optimal Technology

p.91 Orange Micro

p.91 Orange Micro

p.108 Organic Software

p.108 Organic Software

p.269 Osborne/McGraw-Hill

p.269 Osborne/McGraw-Hill

p.276 p.277 Owens Associates

p.276 p.277 Owens Associates

p.333 Pace Inc

p.333 Pace Inc

p.382 p.386 p.408 Pacific Exchanges

p.382 p.386 p.408 Pacific Exchanges

p.393 Page Digital

p.393 Page Digital

p.248 Pan American Elec

p.248 Pan American Elec

p.210 PCD Systems Inc

p.210 PCD Systems Inc

p.341 PDF Corp

p.341 PDF Corp

p.386 Pensadyne Comp Services

p.386 Pensadyne Comp Services

p.15 p.125 Percom Data

p.15 p.125 Percom Data

p.384 Peripherals Plus

p.384 Peripherals Plus

p.203 Personal Micro Comp Inc

p.203 Personal Micro Comp Inc

p.43 Personal Software

p.43 Personal Software

p.251 Phase One Systems

p.251 Phase One Systems

p.238 Pickles & Trout

p.238 Pickles & Trout

p.339 pk systems Inc

p.339 pk systems Inc

p.147 Power One Inc

p.147 Power One Inc

p.122 p.420 p.421 Priority One

p.122 p.420 p.421 Priority One

p.317 Professional Data Sys

p.317 Professional Data Sys

p.83 Professional Software Inc

p.83 Professional Software Inc

p.39 Programma International

p.39 Programma International

p.291 Prog Software Exch

p.291 Prog Software Exch

p.217 The Purchasing Agent

p.217 The Purchasing Agent

p.191 QC Microsystems

p.191 QC Microsystems

p.120 p.121 QT Comp Systems

p.120 p.121 QT Comp Systems

p.386 Quality Computer Parts

p.386 Quality Computer Parts

p.380 Quality Data Supply

p.380 Quality Data Supply

p.239 Quality Software

p.239 Quality Software

p.199 Quasar Data Products

p.199 Quasar Data Products

p.409 Quest

p.409 Quest

p.382 Quintrex Inc

p.382 Quintrex Inc

p.322 R & B Computer Systems

p.322 R & B Computer Systems

p.323 R & K Enterprises

p.323 R & K Enterprises

p.309 Racet Computes

p.309 Racet Computes

p.47 Radio Shack

p.47 Radio Shack

p.213 RCA Solid State

p.213 RCA Solid State

p.16 REI Sales Co

p.16 REI Sales Co

p.404 RMF Products Inc

p.404 RMF Products Inc

p.380 rml

p.380 rml

p.338 RNB Enterprises

p.338 RNB Enterprises

p.392 Rochester Data

p.392 Rochester Data

p.102 Rockwell International

p.102 Rockwell International

p.299 RTR Software

p.299 RTR Software

p.311 S & M Systems

p.311 S & M Systems

p.384 S & S Computing

p.384 S & S Computing

p.339 S-100 Inc

p.339 S-100 Inc

p.273 Howard W Sams Co

p.273 Howard W Sams Co

p.297 SC Digital

p.297 SC Digital

p.5 Scion Corp

p.5 Scion Corp

p.170 SciTronics Inc

p.170 SciTronics Inc

p.192 Scott Instruments

p.192 Scott Instruments

p.212 Scottsdale Systems

p.212 Scottsdale Systems

p.187 Seattle Computer

p.187 Seattle Computer

p.319 Selanar

p.319 Selanar

p.293 Service Technologies

p.293 Service Technologies

p.250 Shepardson Microsystems

p.250 Shepardson Microsystems

p.110 Michael Shrayer Software

p.110 Michael Shrayer Software

p.7 Shugart

p.7 Shugart

p.81 Sinclair Research

p.81 Sinclair Research

p.185 Sirius Systems

p.185 Sirius Systems

p.408 Skyles Electr Works

p.408 Skyles Electr Works

p.93 Small Business Appl

p.93 Small Business Appl

p.77 Smoke Signal Broadcasting

p.77 Smoke Signal Broadcasting

p.281 Snapp Inc

p.281 Snapp Inc

p.287 Softech Microsystems

p.287 Softech Microsystems

p.94 SOFTWARE INC

p.94 SOFTWARE INC

p.380 Software Consultants

p.380 Software Consultants

p.368 Software Dev & Trn

p.368 Software Dev & Trn

p.227 p.249 The Software Exchange

p.227 p.249 The Software Exchange

p.131 The Software Federation

p.131 The Software Federation

p.398 Software Labs

p.398 Software Labs

p.404 The Software Toolworks

p.404 The Software Toolworks

p.335 The SoHo Group

p.335 The SoHo Group

p.390 Solid State Sales

p.390 Solid State Sales

p.408 Solid State Surplus

p.408 Solid State Surplus

p.406 Sonora Computing

p.406 Sonora Computing

p.40 Sorcim

p.40 Sorcim

p.202 Sorrento Valley Assoc

p.202 Sorrento Valley Assoc

p.321 Sound Concepts

p.321 Sound Concepts

p.182 Southern Comp Systems

p.182 Southern Comp Systems

p.404 Southwestern Mngmnt Sys

p.404 Southwestern Mngmnt Sys

(p.CII) Southwest Tech Prod Corp

(p.CII) Southwest Tech Prod Corp

p.321 Spectrum Software

p.321 Spectrum Software

p.406 SP Electronics

p.406 SP Electronics

p.11 SSM

p.11 SSM

p.325 Stonehenge Computer Co

p.325 Stonehenge Computer Co

p.275 Strategic Simulations

p.275 Strategic Simulations

p.380 Street Electronics

p.380 Street Electronics

p.267 Strobe

p.267 Strobe

p.336 SubLOGIC

p.336 SubLOGIC

p.298 Summagraphics

p.298 Summagraphics

p.398 Sunny Int'l

p.398 Sunny Int'l

p.107 p.265 p.319 p.327 SuperSoft

p.107 p.265 p.319 p.327 SuperSoft

p.72 p.73 Sybex

p.72 p.73 Sybex

p.114 p.333 Synchro Sound

p.114 p.333 Synchro Sound

p.333 Synergetic Comp Prod

p.333 Synergetic Comp Prod

p.406 Systek Inc

p.406 Systek Inc

p.291 System Software

p.291 System Software

p.229 Tarbell Electronics

p.229 Tarbell Electronics

p.67 Tech Sys Consultants (TSC)

p.67 Tech Sys Consultants (TSC)

p.82 Technical Innovations

p.82 Technical Innovations

p.197 Tec-Mar Inc

p.197 Tec-Mar Inc

p.303 Texas Comp Sys

p.303 Texas Comp Sys

p.79 3M Company

p.79 3M Company

p.142 3G Company

p.142 3G Company

p.226 Thunderware

p.226 Thunderware

p.301 Mitchell E Timin Eng Co

p.301 Mitchell E Timin Eng Co

p.167 Robert Tinney Graphics

p.167 Robert Tinney Graphics

p.335 TNW Corp

p.335 TNW Corp

p.386 The Toolsmith

p.386 The Toolsmith

p.291 TransNET

p.291 TransNET

(p.CIII) United Business Products

(p.CIII) United Business Products

p.84 p.85 United Software of Am

p.84 p.85 United Software of Am

p.51 Universal Data Systems

p.51 Universal Data Systems

p.406 Universal Security Inst

p.406 Universal Security Inst

p.405 US Micro Sales

p.405 US Micro Sales

p.101 US Robotics

p.101 US Robotics

p.323 VAN DATA

p.323 VAN DATA

p.97 Vector Graphics

p.97 Vector Graphics

p.380 Videx

p.380 Videx

p.302 Vintage Books

p.302 Vintage Books

p.59 p.389 Vista Computer Co

p.59 p.389 Vista Computer Co

p.406 VLSI Computer Sys

p.406 VLSI Computer Sys

p.309 Voicetek

p.309 Voicetek

p.416 p.417 VR Data

p.416 p.417 VR Data

p.394 Wameco

p.394 Wameco

p.386 WCAS

p.386 WCAS

p.99 Whitesmith's Ltd

p.99 Whitesmith's Ltd

p.333 Wild Hare Comp Sys

p.333 Wild Hare Comp Sys

p.382 Wintek Corp

p.382 Wintek Corp

p.337 Winterhalter & Assoc

p.337 Winterhalter & Assoc

p.408 Worldwide Electronics

p.408 Worldwide Electronics

p.400 WW Component Supply Inc

p.400 WW Component Supply Inc

p.408 X & Y Enterprises

p.408 X & Y Enterprises

p.297 Zilog Inc

p.297 Zilog Inc

p.341 Zs Systems

p.341 Zs Systems